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Early-modem Jesuit universities did not offer studies in medicine, and from 1586 onwards, the Jesuit Ratio studiorum prohibited digressions on medical topics in the Aristotelian curriculum. However, some sixteenth-century Jesuit text books used in philosophy classes provided detailed accounts on physiological issues such as sense perception and its organic location as discussed in Aristotle's De anima II, 7-11. This seeming contradiction needs to be explained. In this paper, I focus on the interst in medical topics manifested in a commentary by the Jesuits of Coimbra. Admittedly, the Coimbra commentary constituted an exception, as the Jesuit college that produced it was integrated in a royal university which had a strong interest in educating physicians. It will be claimed that the exclusion of medicine at Jesuit universities and colleges had its origin in rather incidental events in the course of the foundation of the first Jesuit university in Sicily. There, the lay professors of law and medicine intended to avoid subordination to the Jesuits and thereby provoked a conflict which finally led the Jesuit administration to refrain from including faculties of medicine and law in Jesuit universities. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, a veritable Jesuit animosity towards medicine emerged for philosophical and pedagogical reasons. This development reflects educational concerns within the Society as well as the role of commentaries on Aristotle for early-modern learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of the social and cultural roles of the University of Coimbra in Portugal from 1537 to 1820. The relationship between the University, the church, and the government is explored, with particular focus given to the provision of funding, the appointment of professors, and the occupations available to University graduates. The role played by the University in ideological and ethical formation of the Portuguese elite is also discussed.

Coimbra's tin-glazed earthenware and tiles assumed a significant importance in the 18th century as functional and decorative products, supplying the regional markets at the Center region of Portugal and also part of the neighbor regions at the North. In those regions, tiles were recurrently elected by religious and aristocratic sponsors to improve artistically their buildings, therefore stimulating the development of that sort of production at the Coimbra's pottery workshops. At the end of 17th century, tiles started to be part of Coimbra's tin-glazed earthenware production. Its production seems to have started with the migration of some potters and bricklayers from Lisbon, who brought the experience and the technical knowledge of making tiles to the tin-glazed pottery workshops of the mentioned city, therefore enlarging its commercial offer. The lack of a previous experience from the majority of the local potters and the overlap of tin-glazed earthenware and tile production, originated some contaminations in what concerns the painted decorative elements and technical appliance of colour glazes, mainly in its early period. As a consequence of the proximity to the faience painting way of treatment, it seems that considering the evident similarities observed on tiles and crockery made in Coimbra at the same time period, it was the crockery painter the one who assumed entirely the tiles painting. At the 1st quarter of 18th century the new dynamic of figurative tiles production, which a vaster clientele put pressure on pottery workshops to bring out, required that painters with a previous experience in the field of ornamental arts (like brutesque ceilings painting or gilded-wood) joined the universe of potteries, fitting its painting skills to the requirements of faience painting techniques. Answering the market supplies that appeared on the regional dimension, tile production at Coimbra during the 1st half of 18th century evolved to a more organized strategy, requiring a more specialised service, considering the requests of a better painting quality and the needs of intricate and wider iconographic programs. Consequently, the tile painter appears as an essential figure being one point of the triangular collaboration with the master potter and the master bricklayer, assuming at Coimbra's case (like Lisbon) the necessity of an ornamental art practice and a modern aesthetic knowledge. The evolution of this strategy culminates with a refined production at the 2nd half of 18th century, allying the tin-glazed earthenware production improved technologies to a higher specialization of tile painting, conducting to a higher quality and perfection of the final product and never forgetting to keep up aesthetic taste changes. The research made at the historic archive of Coimbra's University brought to light the names of the numerous actors, collected in notarial files, mostly associated with pottery workshops sale and rent contracts. The names gathered in previous studies about Coimbra ceramics were confirmed and new ones were revealed. A new contribution about the location of tin-glazed earthenware workshops related with Coimbra's production in the 18th century is also given, in a more detailed vision. Like other well- known European ceramic centres, following the traditional social order of Late Medieval and Early Modern times of the artisan type regime, Coimbra's pottery workshops business were organized around close family connections, where artisans passed on their trade to their many sons or relatives in a successive exchange of experiences produced on a context of family affiliations. Taking this into account, we tried to achieve the knowledge of the importance of tile manufacture at Coimbra in 18th century, and the role of its main actors. Attempting to reach the large area of influence of this specific production, the results of an accurate inventory made about in situ tiles allowed the documentation of works of named and unnamed authors associated with Coimbra tin-glazed earthenware workshops, and the constitution of an iconographic repertoire. Following this, we offer a portrait of Coimbra tiles production, approaching material and technical issues, typology classification and also the print assimilation process by the leading tile painters based on existing samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This thesis on the subject of Justice and child citizenship deals with the repression, control and (mis)management of childhood in Portugal between 1820 and 1978. Then, focussing on the study of concrete practices, it writes the history of the first 50 years of existence of the 'Tutoria Central da Infância e Refúgio Anexo' (1927-1978) in Coimbra. The main goals that guided the analysis of two centuries of the organization and development of social and judicial justice for children were the following: To analyse the international debates and their influences on the laws, institutions and systems of observation and treatment of children and adolescents in Portugal; To describe the context of the social and political construction of the problem of infancy; To write the history of the judicial institutions in Coimbra and their practices of repression, control and management of the child and youth population, with emphasis on the practices of observation, treatment and organization of daily life in the Shelter (adjacent to and) run by the Tutoria Central da Infância. Research was based on the analysis of institutional handwritten sources (from Centro Educativo dos Olivais, Tribunal de Menores de Coimbra, Instituto de Habitação e Reabilitação Urbana and Universidade de Coimbra), written sources of different kinds (legislation, religious tracts, minutes of scientific meetings, local and national newspapers), besides specialised bibliography. Oral sources were also used: interviews with experts (legal experts, heads of institutions, caseworkers) and testimonies provided by relatives of the staff of Tutoria and Refúgio de Coimbra were gathered. These testimonies supplied information not available in written records. Both at the international and national level, starting in the 19thcentury the question of childhood encompassed youngsters of several ages and with different problems and needs, and its main purpose was to provide and train workers for the labour force. Thus, the assistance to children and adolescents according to their needs was intertwined with the policy of integrating them professionally and socially; agricultural and industrial working houses that aimed at socializing stray and delinquent youngsters of both sexes to make them "socially useful" spread throughout the western world. The 20thcentury introduced the discourse of children's rights and established the relationship between needs and rights (poverty, health, education, justice). In the 1920s, laws protecting children spread throughout Europe and, as a consequence, so did the special penalty framework for dealing with minors, based on crime prevention for the protection of society. Portugal was a pioneer in this matter, with the Law for the Protection of Childhood being approved in 1911. After World War II, the emergence of a number of welfare states worldwide expanded the concept of social prevention, and new social policies were implemented that protected the rights of children. In Portugal, however, crime prevention was the goal of all forms of assistance as late as 1978, a doctrine that was linked to the longevity of the Estado Novo and its vested interest in implementing a policy of youth control. Thus, from within the discourse of youth protection emerged a system of protection and guardianship, based on a logic of social and/or criminal behaviour control, favouring regular testing (medical, anthropological, psychological, school and social) and trial of minors, as you can see in the analysis of the history of the institutions and of the children and adolescents institutionalized in Coimbra starting in 1927-28.Monitor and subject lived in a closed, panoptic system, up to 1974. Changes in leadership and the "April Revolution" brought a degree of democratization to the institution. In what concerns court proceedings, its rules didn't change until the Organização Tutelar de Menores (Juvenile Guardianship Rules) of 1978. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is an observation and in-depth analysis of the characteristics and behaviour of elites of Coimbra between 1777 and 1820. This analysis is supported of a large number of sources of very diverse origins and characteristics and use of methodologies based on data crossing, prosopographical and biographical reconstruction and analysis of social networks. In the study of the elites was used has a fundamental observation point the municipality. Through the analysis of the processes involved in the construction of the lists of eligible to office we tried to delimitate and characterize the changes in the elite composition, bearing in mind that this elite and certain ranks of nobility - the fidalguia - were coincidental for a extended period of time (17th century and first half of the 18th century). Understanding if assumption was still valid for the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century was also one of the objectives of this study. Given the importance of local fidalguia in terms of social and power appropriation we devote special attention to this stratum of nobility, seeking to identify its members, economic resources, networks of relationships and also the attempt to decode the choices made and the patterns of behaviour shown and compare them to those observed in other parts of the country around the same time frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissertation aims to analyse the location of the Iberian universities amongst their urban setting, during the first four centuries of the universities' existence in Spain and Portugal. It also aims at clarifying the development of the typological models of Iberian university architecture, both colleges and central schools buildings. We analyse the theoretical text of King Alfonso X of Castille and León, in the second of the Siete Partidas, concerning the studium generale and its ideal location. The cartography of the settlement processes of the first medieval studia generalia is presented, starting with Salamanca. The first data of a prefigured university geography is tracked down. The first major ex-novo urban projects, related to the university at an European scale, are also studied, both Alcalá de Henares' new university quarter (from 1499) and the later rua da Sofia (Sofia Street), in Coimbra, opened around 1537. The most significant university buildings from the medieval and early modern periods (and in a wider continental context) are pointed out. We systemize the functional and typological organization of the first, most relevant, Iberian university buildings. A critical revision of the current genealogy of Iberian university architecture is put forward, based on the conclusions of the selected case studies. Finally, we proceed with the classification of the various types of university buildings in the broader context of the sixteenth century, during which a significant number of new universities were created, some of them consisting of one sole central building, both residential and for teaching, the "colegio-universidad". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present dissertating seeks, first and foremost, to delve into the transformations undergone by the architectural complex that is nowadays known as the Machado de Castro National Museum in Coimbra, during the period comprehended between its birth (1911) and its elevation to the status of national museum (1965). The rigorous analysis of the several gathered sources (both texts and images) led to: presenting the distinct museological conceptions of the museum's directors; identifying the fundamental premises of converting an ancient episcopalian palace to a museum; understanding the dictates of the process through which the São João de Almedina's Church was annexed; emphasizing how the remnants of the civitas aeminiensis and the medieval times came to existence and were incorporated in the expositive discourse; discriminating how architectural elements from other edifices of the city of Coimbra were integrated into the museum's building; enhancing the position of the museological space in light of the larger intervention plan within the university's old town; specifying the building's different demolition, repair, extension and restoration stages; emphasizing the balance of the museum/monument dichotomy, which was especially sought after from the 50s onwards. The obtained result is indicative of the relevance of this subject matter in the Portuguese museological panorama, especially considering that it embodies, more than other example, a real overlap of memories edified throughout two thousand years of history. Its existence nowadays can mainly be attributed to the care and attention of several intervenient parties and to the consequent measures implemented throughout the chronological period under scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of typography in the city of Coimbra during the seventeenth century, which a priori could be characterized by having a relation to the University, presents deep business ties among printers, booksellers and book merchants. However, the typography of Coimbra does not only live of the University. The analysis of the typology of the works that come from the press demonstrates changes in the preferences of the readers, as it is evidenced by the significant increase in editions of sermons associated with the interests of booksellers. The links between patronage and employers are emphasized by the practice of flattery. Nevertheless, the growing role of the book merchants that happened in the second half of the century reveals a new attitude towards the printed book increasingly turned to the publication of works of guaranteed success. There is also an evolution in the aesthetic taste since the beginning of the century, generalizing new iconographic elements in minting the material used by the various workshops, both in terms of decorated capitals, and in what concerns engraving and typographic vignettes: the allegory emerges into the picture and fills in the frontispieces of printed books, together with praise and gratitude to the teachers and patrons of university studies. In the capitals and the typographic vignettes, the plant motifs are the most important ones, styling themselves or mixing with others of geometric source, leaving behind the fantastic, the anthropomorphic or the zoomorphic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]