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Competing Interests: Competing interests: We have read and understood BMJ policy on declaration of interests and declare the following: MvS is funded by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) doctoral fellowship (NIHR3000156) and her research is also partially supported by the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North Thames. ST has received funding for gambling research from the Australian Research Council, the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation, Healthway, and Deakin University. She is a board member for the International Confederation of Alcohol and Other Drug Research Associations and is a member of the Gambling Harm Prevention Advisory Committee of LotteryWest. She does not receive financial payment for these roles. She is editor in chief of Health Promotion International. MM has received funding from NIHR for a doctoral fellowship to research public health aspects of gambling and is president of the BMA (but is writing in a personal capacity). GF is vice president of the UK Association of Directors of Public Health and a member of the gambling related harm strategic steering group for Yorkshire and the Humber, which is funded by a regulatory settlement awarded by the UK Gambling Commission. MD has received funding for gambling research from the Australian Research Council, Healthway, and the Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their funding bodies.