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A study of the question of accounting for the anthropogenic contribution of different countries or groups of countries to the increase of global temperature, instead of being restricted to their carbon emissions as adopted in the Kyoto protocol on sharing of responsibility are discussed. A discussion on the methodology and scientific aspects of the Brazilian Proposal (BP) by SBSTA/UNFCCC and results of energy sector and land use change contributions to the climate response by different countries is also presented.

One of the sustainable development challenges to the globe, is climate disruption resulting from greenhouse emissions. Emissions are calculated as, the difference between a project emission and its baseline.

Integrated assessment models of global climate change suffer from inadequate representations of impact valuation, adaptive response, formation and effects of policies and the determinants of emissions trends. Integrated assessment models may be improved with other forms of integration, integration by formal modeling and representation of the decisions of other parties through dialogue. Suggestions on how to achieve consensus on best practices for integrated assessment models are presented.

Climate change policymakers are constrained by uncertainties regarding the avoided costs of climate change and the costs of greenhouse gas emission abatement. These uncertainties may be mitigated by using a sequential approach. The no-regret policy and the innovation process exploitation policy minimize learning time when inertia constraints in the decision process are taken care of.

Technical innovation in energy technologies and systems are induced by need but are restrained by potentially large transitional costs. Nevertheless, it is evident that energy systems accommodate external pressures by adapting slowly over time. A simple integrated model of optimal greenhouse gas abatement over time which incorporates fixed and transitional elements was developed to show that induced technical change and other adaptive responses in energy systems affect climate change assessments and are thus important for abatement policies.

Climate change policymakers have been criticized for creating bias against future generations by ignoring future costs and benefits in the formulation of climate change policies. To answer these criticisms, cost-benefit analysis was used to include intergenerational equity and discounting in climate change policy. The results show that the cost-benefit criterion obscures basic problems and thus cannot be a definitive basis for committing to long-term climate change policies. These problems include drastic, disastrous changes in the world's climate and the economic consequences of these changes.

The Asian Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) was developed to generate scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions and the impact of these emissions on global warming in the Asia-Pacific region. The AIM emission module and the AIM impact module are linked by global greenhouse gas cycle amd climate change models. The primary impact of climate change on the region's water resources and natural vegetation was assessed using scenarios built with the AIM.

The Evaluation Strategies to address Climate change by Adapting to and Preventing Emissions (ESCAPE) is an integrated assessment model of climate change developed in Europe to generate scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on the sea level and the global climate. To solve certain limitations of ESCAPE, its global climate module and regional climate scenario-generating module were improved. The model with the enhanced modules is called Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse gas Induced Climate Change.

The CETA is an integrated assessment model of climate change that considers energy consumption, energy technology choice, worldwide economic growth, global warming and global warming costs. The CETA was used to examine three alternative regimes for international control of carbon dioxide emissions between two regions, only one of which is able to optimally control its CO2 emissions. The results show that the regime in which region one and region two jointly control CO2 emissions and region one pays region two to participate is the best alternative for international control of CO2 emissions.

An overview of integrated assessment models of climate change for use in policymaking is presented. Various integrated assessment models have been used in the past for studies of the weather and acid rain. Such models should satisfy certain criteria before they can be used in studies of climate change. The integrated assessment of climate change at Carnegie Mellon University is presented as an example of policy-motivated integrated assessment.

Research describing international aspects of climate change mitigation is presented. In particular the efficiency of international cooperation is analysed by linking individual national programmes in a mathematical model.