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Frieze patterns, as introduced by Coxeter in the 1970's, are closely related to cluster algebras without coefficients. A suitable generalization of frieze patterns, linked to cluster algebras with coefficients, has only briefly appeared in an unpublished manuscript by Propp. In this paper we study these frieze patterns with coefficients systematically and prove various fundamental results, generalizing classic results for frieze patterns. As a consequence we see how frieze patterns with coefficients can be obtained from classic frieze patterns by cutting out subpolygons from the triangulated polygons associated to classic Conway-Coxeter frieze patterns. We address the question of which frieze patterns with coefficients can be obtained in this way and solve this problem completely for triangles. Finally, we prove a finiteness result for frieze patterns with coefficients by showing that for a given boundary sequence there are only finitely many (non-zero) frieze patterns with coefficients with entries in a discrete subset of the complex numbers., 22 pages

We develop a novel approach for pricing cyber insurance contracts. The considered cyber threats, such as viruses and worms, diffuse in a structured data network. The spread of the cyber infection is modeled by an interacting Markov chain. Conditional on the underlying infection, the occurrence and size of claims are described by a marked point process. We introduce and analyze a new polynomial approximation of claims together with a mean-field approach that allows to compute aggregate expected losses and prices of cyber insurance. Numerical case studies demonstrate the impact of the network topology and indicate that higher order approximations are indispensable for the analysis of non-linear claims.

We study irreducible Smale spaces with totally disconnected stable sets and their associated K-theoretic invariants. Such Smale spaces arise as Wieler solenoids, and we restrict to those arising from open surjections. The paper follows three converging tracks: one dynamical, one operator algebraic and one K-theoretic. Using Wieler’s theorem, we characterize the unstable set of a finite set of periodic points as a locally trivial fibre bundle with discrete fibres over a compact space. This characterization gives us the tools to analyse an explicit groupoid Morita equivalence between the groupoids of Deaconu–Renault and Putnam–Spielberg, extending results of Thomsen. The Deaconu–Renault groupoid and the explicit Morita equivalence lead to a Cuntz–Pimsner model for the stable Ruelle algebra. The K-theoretic invariants of Cuntz–Pimsner algebras are then studied using the Cuntz–Pimsner extension, for which we construct an unbounded representative. To elucidate the power of these constructions, we characterize the Kubo–Martin–Schwinger (KMS) weights on the stable Ruelle algebra of a Wieler solenoid. We conclude with several examples of Wieler solenoids, their associated algebras and spectral triples.

For a fat sub-Riemannian structure, we introduce three canonical Ricci curvatures in the sense of Agrachev-Zelenko-Li. Under appropriate bounds we prove comparison theorems for conjugate lengths, Bonnet-Myers type results and Laplacian comparison theorems for the intrinsic sub-Laplacian. As an application, we consider the sub-Riemannian structure of $3$-Sasakian manifolds, for which we provide explicit curvature formulas. We prove that any complete $3$-Sasakian structure of dimension $4d+3$, with $d>1$, has sub-Riemannian diameter bounded by $��$. When $d=1$, a similar statement holds under additional Ricci bounds. These results are sharp for the natural sub-Riemannian structure on $\mathbb{S}^{4d+3}$ of the quaternionic Hopf fibrations: \begin{equation*} \mathbb{S}^3 \hookrightarrow \mathbb{S}^{4d+3} \to \mathbb{HP}^d, \end{equation*} whose exact sub-Riemannian diameter is $��$, for all $d \geq 1$., 34 pages, v2: fixed and clarified the proof of Theorem 7 and some typos, v3: final version, to appear on Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu

We develop an algebraic approach to constructing short-time asymptotic expansions of solutions of a class of abstract semilinear evolution equations. The expansions are typically valid for both the solution of the equation and its gradient. We apply a perturbation approach based on the symbolic calculus of pseudo-differential operators and heat kernel methods. The construction is explicit and can be done to arbitrary order. All results are rigorously formulated in terms of Banach algebras. As an application we obtain a novel approach to finding approximate solutions of Markovian backward stochastic differential equations. © 2016 Royal Society of Edinburgh.

The (usual) Caldero-Chapoton map is a map from the set of objects of a category to a Laurent polynomial ring over the integers. In the case of a cluster category, it maps reachable indecomposable objects to the corresponding cluster variables in a cluster algebra. This formalizes the idea that the cluster category is a categorification of the cluster algebra. The definition of the Caldero-Chapoton map requires the category to be 2-Calabi-Yau, and the map depends on a cluster-tilting object in the category. We study a modified version of the Caldero-Chapoton map which requires only that the category have a Serre functor and depends only on a rigid object in the category. It is well known that the usual Caldero-Chapoton map gives rise to so-called friezes, for instance, Conway-Coxeter friezes. We show that the modified Caldero-Chapoton map gives rise to what we call generalized friezes and that, for cluster categories of Dynkin type A, it recovers the generalized friezes introduced by combinatorial means in recent work by the authors and Bessenrodt. © 2015 by The Editorial Board of the Nagoya Mathematical Journal.

Let X i ,i ∈ ℕ, be independent and identically distributed random variables with values in ℕ0. We transform (‘prune’) the sequence {X 1,…,X n },n∈ ℕ, of discrete random samples into a sequence {0,1,2,…,Y n }, n∈ ℕ, of contiguous random sets by replacing X n+1 with Y n +1 if X n+1 >Y n . We consider the asymptotic behaviour of Y n as n→∞. Applications include path growth in digital search trees and the number of tables in Pitman's Chinese restaurant process if the latter is conditioned on its limit value.

In this paper we consider a two-phase model describing the growth of avascular solid tumors when taking into account the effects of cell-to-cell adhesion and taxis due to nutrient. The tumor is surrounded by healthy tissue which is the source of nutrient for tumor cells. In a three-dimensional context, we prove that the mathematical formulation corresponds to a well-posed problem, and find radially symmetric steady-state solutions of the problem. They appear in the regime where the rate of cell apoptosis to cell proliferation is less than the far field nutrient concentration. Furthermore, we study the stability properties of those radially symmetric equilibria and find, depending on the biophysical parameters involved in the problem, both stable and unstable regimes for tumor growth. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012.

Stability conditions on triangulated categories were introduced by Bridgeland as a 'continuous' generalisation of t-structures. The set of locally-finite stability conditions on a triangulated category is a manifold which has been studied intensively. However, there are mainstream triangulated categories whose stability manifold is the empty set. One example is the compact derived category of the dual numbers over an algebraically closed field. This is one of the motivations in this paper for introducing co-stability conditions as a 'continuous' generalisation of co-t-structures. Our main result is that the set of nice co-stability conditions on a triangulated category is a manifold. In particular, we show that the co-stability manifold of the compact derived category of the dual numbers is the complex numbers., 14 pages

We prove global existence of nonnegative weak solutions for a strongly coupled, fourth order degenerate parabolic system governing the motion of two thin fluid layers in a porous medium when capillarity is the sole driving mechanism., Comment: Final version

In this work we analyse a nonlinear, second-order difference equation on an unbounded interval. We present new conditions under which the problem admits a unique solution that is of a particular linear asymptotic form. The results concern the general behaviour of solutions to the initial-value problem, as well as solutions with a given asymptote. Our methods involve establishing suitable complete metric spaces and an application of Banach's fixed-point theorem. For the solutions found in our two main theorems—fixed initial data and fixed asymptote, respectively—we establish exact convergence rates to solutions of the differential equation related to our difference equation. It turns out that for the asymptotic case there is uniform convergence for both the solution and its derivative, while in the other case the convergence is somewhat weaker. Two different techniques are utilized, and for each one has to employ ad-hoc methods for the unbounded interval. Of particular importance is the exact form of the operators and metric spaces formulated in the earlier sections.

For random trees T generated by the binary search tree algorithm from uniformly distributed input we consider the subtree size profile, which maps k ∈ ℕ to the number of nodes in T that root a subtree of size k. Complementing earlier work by Devroye, by Feng, Mahmoud and Panholzer, and by Fuchs, we obtain results for the range of small k-values and the range of k-values proportional to the size n of T. In both cases emphasis is on the process view, i.e., the joint distributions for several k-values. We also show that the dynamics of the tree sequence lead to a qualitative difference between the asymptotic behaviour of the lower and the upper end of the profile.

If (V,0) is an isolated complete intersection singularity and X a holomorphic vector field tangent to V one can define an index of X, the so called GSV index, which generalizes the Poincare-Hopf index. We prove that the GSV index coincides with the dimension of a certain explicitely constructed vector space, if X is deformable in a certain sense and V is a curve. We also give a sufficient algebraic criterion for X to be deformable in this way. If one considers the real analytic case one can also define an index of X which is called the real GSV index. Under the condition that X has the deformation property, we prove a signature formula for the index generalizing the Eisenbud-Levine Theorem., Major revision. Main changes are the corrections of the statements and proofs of the main theorems. 16 pages, to appear in Compositio Mathematica

We discuss meromorphic 1-forms on compact complex manifolds and on complete intersections with isolated singularities. We give a Poincaré-Hopf type formula for them, i.e. we express the Euler characteristic in terms of singularities of a meromorphic 1-form. For that we introduce a suitable notion of an index of a germ of a meromorphic 1-form (with an additional structure) on an isolated complete intersection singularity. For a meromorphic 1-form on a complete intersection V with isolated singularities the indices of the singular points sum up to (plus-minus) the Euler characteristic of a smoothing of V. © Foundation Compositio Mathematica 2004.

For large classes of vorticities we prove that a steady periodic gravity water wave with a monotonic profile between crests and troughs must be symmetric. The analysis uses sharp maximum principles for elliptic partial differential equations.

§1. Introduction, By a remarkable result of Erdos and Selfridge [3] in 1975. the diophantine equation - yk = (x+1)(x+2)…(x+m), (1) - with integers k≥2 and m≥2, has only the trivial solutions. x = −j(j = i, …, m), y = 0. This put an end to the old question whether the product of consecutive positive integers could ever be a perfect power; for a brief account of its history see [7].

Monodromy groups, i.e. the groups of isometries of the intersection lattice L_X:=H_2/torsion generated by the monodromy action of all deformation families of a given surface, have been computed in math.AG/0006231 for any minimal elliptic surface with p_g>q=0. New and refined methods are now employed to address the cases of minimal elliptic surfaces with p_g+1>q>0. To this end we find explicit families such that any isometry is in the group generated by their monodromies or does not respect the invariance of the canonical class or the spinor norm. The monodromy action is moreover shown to act by the full symplectic group on the first homology modulo torsion., 14 pages

The random record distribution ν associated with a probability distribution μ can be written as a convolution series, ν = Σn=1∞(n + 1)-1μ(Black star)n. Various authors have obtained results on the behaviour of the tails ν((cursive Greek chi, ∞)) as cursive Greek chi → ∞, using Laplace transforms and the associated Abelian and Tauberian theorems. Here we use Gelfand transforms and the Wiener-Lévy-Gelfand Theorem to obtain expansions of the tails under moment conditions on μ. The results differ notably from those known for other convolution series. © 2001 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

We study the geometry of Nieto's quintic threefold (Barth & Nieto, J. Alg. Geom. 3, 1994) and the Kummer and abelian surfaces that correspond to special loci., Plain TeX, 17 pages. Final version, with minor corrections, to appear in Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc

In this paper we study the maximal extension $\Gamma_t^*$ of the subgroup $\Gamma_t$ of $\operatorname{Sp}_4 (\bq)$ which is conjugate to the paramodular group. The index of this extension is $2^{\nu(t)}$ where $\nu(t)$ is the number of prime divisors of $t$. The group $\Gamma_t^*$ defines the minimal modular threefold ${\Cal A}_t^*$ which is a finite quotient of the moduli space ${\Cal A}_t$ of $(1,t)$-polarized abelian surfaces. A certain degree 2 quotient of ${\Cal A}_t$ is a moduli space of lattice polarized $K3$ surfaces. The space ${\Cal A}_t^*$ can be interpreted as the space of Kummer surfaces associated to $(1,t)$-polarized abelian surfaces. Using the action of $\Gamma_t^*$ on the space of Jacobi forms we show that many spaces between ${\Cal A}_t$ and ${\Cal A}_t^*$ posess a non-trivial 3-form, i.e. the Kodaira dimension of these spaces is non-negative. Finally we determine the divisorial part of the ramification locus of the finite map ${\Cal A}_t\rightarrow {\Cal A}_t^*$ which is a union of Humbert surfaces. We interprete the corresponding Humbert surfaces as Hilbert modular surfaces., Comment: We have included a theorem explaining the connection of the minimal Siegel modular threefold with the space of Kummer surfaces of abelian surfaces with non-principal polarization. AMSTeX

We are interested in reflection symmetric (x↦–x) evolution problems on the infinite line. In the systems which we have in mind, a trivial ground state loses stability and bifurcates into a temporally oscillating, spatial periodic pattern. A famous example of such a system is the Taylor-Couette problem in the case of strongly counter-rotating cylinders. In this paper, we consider a system of coupled Kuramoto–Shivashinsky equations as a model problem for such a system. We are interested in solutions which are slow modulations in time and in space of the bifurcating pattern. Multiple scaling analysis is used in the existing literature to derive mean-field coupled Ginzburg–Landau equations as approximation equations for the problem. The aim of this paper is to give exact estimates between the solutions of the coupled Kuramoto–Shivashinsky equations and the associated approximations.

Let G be a minimally n-edge-connected finite simple graph with vertex number |G| ≥ 2n + 2 + [3/n] and let n ≥ 3 be odd. It is proved that the number of vertices of degree n in G is at least ((n − 1 − ∈n)/(2n + 1))|G| + 2 + 2∈n, where ∈n = (3n + 3)/(2n2 − 3n − 3), and that for every n ≡ 3 (mod 4) this lower bound is attained by infinitely many minimally n-edge-connected finite simple graphs. © 1995, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.

All digraphs are determined that have the property that when any vertex and any edge that are not adjacent are deleted, the connectivity number decreases by two. © 1994, Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.

§1. Introduction . In 1985, Sarkozy [11] proved a conjecture of Erdos [2] by showing that the greatest square factor s ( n ) 2 of the “middle” binomial coefficient satisfies for arbitrary e > 0 and sufficiently large n Where