99 results
Search Results
2. Neglected food-borne trematodiases: echinostomiasis and gastrodiscoidiasis.
- Author
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Toledo, Rafael, Álvarez-Izquierdo, María, Esteban, J. Guillermo, and Muñoz-Antoli, Carla
- Subjects
FOODBORNE diseases ,FOOD habits ,INTESTINAL diseases ,DEVELOPED countries ,BIOLOGY - Abstract
In the present paper, we review two of the most neglected intestinal food-borne trematodiases: echinostomiasis, caused by members of the family Echinostomatidae, and gastrodiscoidiasis produced by the amphistome Gastrodiscoides hominis. Both parasitic infections are important intestinal food-borne diseases. Humans become infected after ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked molluscs, fish, crustaceans, amphibians or aquatic vegetables. Thus, eating habits are essential to determine the distribution of these parasitic diseases and, traditionally, they have been considered as minor diseases confined to low-income areas, mainly in Asia. However, this scenario is changing and the population at risk are currently expanding in relation to factors such as new eating habits in developed countries, growing international markets, improved transportation systems and demographic changes. These aspects determine the necessity of a better understanding of these parasitic diseases. Herein, we review the main features of human echinostomiasis and gastrodiscoidiasis in relation to their biology, epidemiology, immunology, clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Hard facts and misfits: essential ingredients of public health nutrition research.
- Author
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Prentice, Ann
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,RESEARCH methodology ,PUBLIC health ,MEDICAL cooperation ,EVALUATION research ,COMPARATIVE studies ,RESEARCH funding ,NUTRITIONAL status ,NUTRITION policy - Abstract
Policy decisions and the practice of public health nutrition need to be based on solid evidence, developed through rigorous research studies where objective measures are used and results that run counter to dogma are not dismissed but investigated. In recent years, enhancements in study designs, and methodologies for systematic reviews and meta-analysis, have improved the evidence-base for nutrition policy and practice. However, these still rely on a full appreciation of the strengths and limitations of the measures on which conclusions are drawn and on the thorough investigation of outcomes that do not fit expectations or prevailing convictions. The importance of 'hard facts' and 'misfits' in research designed to advance knowledge and improve public health nutrition is illustrated in this paper through a selection of studies from different stages in my research career, focused on the nutritional requirements of resource-poor populations in Africa and Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Vitamin D deficiency in western dwelling South Asian populations: an unrecognised epidemic.
- Author
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Darling, Andrea L.
- Subjects
OBESITY ,VITAMINS ,SUNSHINE ,ENRICHED foods ,DIET ,DIETARY supplements ,VITAMIN D ,VITAMIN D deficiency - Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D) is at epidemic proportions in western dwelling South Asian populations, including severe deficiency (<12⋅5 nmol/l) in 27-60% of individuals, depending on season. The paper aimed to review the literature concerning vitamin D concentrations in this population group. Research from the UK and Europe suggests a high prevalence of South Asians with 25(OH)D concentration <25 nmol/l, with most having a 25(OH)D concentration of <50 nmol/l. In Canada, South Asians appear to have a slightly higher 25(OH)D concentration. There are few studies from the United States, South Africa and Australasia. Reasons for vitamin D deficiency include low vitamin D intake, relatively high adiposity, sun exposure avoidance and wearing of a covered dress style for cultural reasons. Possible health effects of deficiency include bone diseases such as rickets and hypocalcaemia in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D deficiency may also increase the risk of other chronic diseases. Increased fortification of food items relevant to South Asian groups (e.g. chapatti flour), as well as increased use of vitamin D supplements may help reduce this epidemic. Introducing culturally acceptable ways of increasing skin exposure to the sun in South Asian women may also be beneficial but further research is needed to assess the effectiveness of different approaches. There may be a need for a South Asian specific vitamin D dietary intake guideline in western countries. To conclude, vitamin D deficiency is epidemic in South Asians living in western countries and there is a clear need for urgent public health action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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5. Avalanche character and fatalities in the high mountains of Asia.
- Author
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McClung, D.M.
- Subjects
AVALANCHES ,MASS casualties ,MOUNTAINS ,GEOGRAPHICAL research ,COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
With the exception of northern India, there are few, if any, consistent data records relating to avalanche activity in the high mountains of Asia. However, records do exist of avalanche fatalities in the region, contained in mountaineering expedition reports. In this paper, I review and analyze statistics of avalanche fatalities (both snow and ice) in the high mountains of Asia (Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir, Hindu Kush, Tien Shan, Dazu Shan) from 1895 to 2014. The data are stratified according to accident cause, geographical region (Nepal-Tibet (Xizang), Pakistan, India, China, Central Asia), mountain range, personnel (hired or expedition members) and terrain. The character of the accidents is compared with data from North America and Europe. The data show that the important risk components are the temporal and spatial exposure probabilities. It is shown that human actions and decisions govern the pattern of fatal avalanches in the high mountains of Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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6. Hidden hunger in South Asia: a review of recent trends and persistent challenges.
- Author
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Harding, Kassandra L., Aguayo, Víctor M., and Webb, Patrick
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MICRONUTRIENTS ,MALNUTRITION ,PUBLIC health ,VITAMIN deficiency ,PREVENTION ,THERAPEUTICS ,PREVENTION of malnutition ,NUTRITION policy ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
'Hidden hunger' is a term used to describe human deficiencies of key vitamins and minerals, also known as micronutrients. While global in scale, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is particularly high in South Asia despite recent successes in economic growth, agricultural output and health care. The present paper reviews the most recent evidence on patterns and trends of hidden hunger across the region, with a focus on the most significant deficiencies - iodine, Fe, vitamin A and Zn - and interprets these in terms of health and economic consequences. The challenge for South Asian policy makers is to invest in actions that can cost-effectively resolve chronic nutrient gaps facing millions of households. Appropriate solutions are available today, so governments should build on evidence-based successes that combine targeted health system delivery of quality services with carefully designed multisector actions that help promote healthier diets, reduce poverty and ensure social protection simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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7. The legislative framework for salt iodization in Asia and the Pacific and its impact on programme implementation.
- Author
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Codling, Karen, Rudert, Christiane, Bégin, France, and Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo
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IODIZED salt ,IODINE deficiency ,FOOD laws ,PUBLIC health ,GOVERNMENT policy ,INSTITUTIONAL laws ,HEALTH planning laws ,THERAPEUTIC use of iodine ,HALOTHERAPY ,DEFICIENCY disease prevention ,ENRICHED foods ,DEFICIENCY diseases ,HEALTH planning ,IODINE ,LEGISLATION ,MANAGEMENT ,RESEARCH funding ,SALT ,RELATIVE medical risk ,IMPACT of Event Scale ,STANDARDS - Abstract
Objective: Fortification of food-grade (edible) salt with iodine is recommended as a safe, cost-effective and sustainable strategy for the prevention of iodine-deficiency disorders. The present paper examines the legislative framework for salt iodization in Asian countries.Design: We reviewed salt iodization legislation in thirty-six countries in Asia and the Pacific. We obtained copies of existing and draft legislation for salt iodization from UNICEF country offices and the WHO's Global Database of Implementation of Nutrition Actions. We compiled legislation details by country and report on commonalities and gaps using a standardized form. The association between type of legislation and availability of iodized salt in households was assessed.Results: We identified twenty-one countries with existing salt iodization legislation, of which eighteen were mandatory. A further nine countries have draft legislation. The majority of countries with draft and existing legislation used a mandatory standard or technical regulation for iodized salt under their Food Act/Law. The remainder have developed a 'stand-alone' Law/Act. Available national surveys indicate that the proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt was lowest in countries with no, draft or voluntary legislation, and highest in those where the legislation was based on mandatory regulations under Food Acts/Laws.Conclusions: Legislation for salt iodization, particularly mandatory legislation under the national food law, facilitates universal salt iodization. However, additional important factors for implementation of salt iodization and maintenance of achievements include the salt industry's structure and capacity to adequately fortify, and official commitment and capacity to enforce national legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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8. Association of diet quality with hand grip strength weakness and asymmetry in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort.
- Author
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Huang, Jiannan, Shanmugam, Aarathi, Huang, Xiangyuan, van Dam, Rob M., and Hilal, Saima
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HAND physiology ,FOOD quality ,CROSS-sectional method ,FRAIL elderly ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SEX distribution ,SMOKING ,MULTIVARIATE analysis ,AGE distribution ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MUSCLE weakness ,ODDS ratio ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,DATA analysis software ,SARCOPENIA ,GRIP strength ,DIET ,REGRESSION analysis ,PHYSICAL activity - Abstract
Hand grip strength (HGS) is an important diagnostic tool for sarcopenia and a reliable predictor for age-related chronic diseases and mortality. Interventions in nutrition have been shown as a low-cost strategy to maintain muscular strength and mass. However, there are limited data on the effect of diet on HGS in Southeast Asian populations. This study aims to investigate the association of diet quality with HGS weakness and asymmetry in a multi-ethnic population in Singapore. This cross-sectional study used data from the Singapore Multi-Ethnic Cohort (n = 1547). Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ and summarised as the Dietary Quality Index – International (DQI-I). HGS was calculated as the maximum value of six measurements from both hands. HGS weakness and asymmetry were defined using well-recognised criteria. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression were utilised for continuous and binary outcomes, respectively, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, physical activity and smoking status. It was found that the highest quartile of DQI-I was significantly associated with higher HGS (β = 1·11; 95 % CI 0·41, 1·82; P
for trend < 0·001) and lower odds of HGS asymmetry (OR = 0·71; 95 % CI 0·53, 0·94; Pfor trend = 0·035) and both HGS weakness and asymmetry (OR = 0·50; 95 % CI 0·32, 0·76; Pfor trend = 0·004). Among the different components of DQI-I, only dietary adequacy was significantly associated with higher HGS (Pfor trend < 0·001) and lower odds for both HGS weakness and asymmetry (Pfor trend = 0·006). Our findings support that DQI-I, an indicator of overall diet quality, can be used to provide dietary guidelines for prevention and management of muscle wasting, sarcopenia and frailty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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9. Re-visiting 'Galen in Tibet'.
- Author
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YOELI-TLALIM, RONIT
- Subjects
TIBETAN medicine ,GREEK & Roman medicine ,GREEK influences on civilization ,SILK Road -- History ,CHRISTIANITY ,MEDICINE ,CHURCH of the East members ,MONGOL Empire, 1206-1368 ,PHYSICIANS ,HISTORY ,HISTORIOGRAPHY - Abstract
This paper readdresses the assertion found in much secondary literature that Greek medicine was adopted in Tibet in the seventh and eighth centuries. I discuss some of the traces of Galenic medical knowledge in early Tibetan medicine, and raise the question of why Tibetan medical histories who mention Galen give Galenic medicine a much more significant place than is evidenced in the Tibetan medical literature itself. I discuss some historiographical considerations and argue that the centrality given to Galenic medicine is more indicative of the period in which these sources are written than of the period which they presumably describe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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10. Chinese Tong as British Trust: Institutional Collisions and Legal Disputes in Urban Hong Kong, 1860s-1980s.
- Author
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PO-YIN CHUNG, STEPHANIE
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL law ,CORPORATION law ,COMMERCE ,HISTORY of British commerce ,BRITISH colonies ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,HISTORY ,MANNERS & customs - Abstract
By the nineteenth century, with the advance of British colonial activities, British corporate laws had been transplanted to maritime Asia with varying degrees of vigour. In British Hong Kong, these laws often clashed with native customs. Through a reconstruction of the legal disputes found in urban Hong Kong, this paper discusses how British and Chinese business traditions interacted with each other during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before assessing the historical implications and consequences of these legal decisions, this paper will also explore whether the Chinese institution of tong is compatible with British law in urban Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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11. The limits of neorealism: understanding security in Central Asia.
- Author
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Menon, Rajan and Spruyt, Hendrik
- Subjects
REALISM ,NATIONALISM ,ECONOMIC reform ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This paper specifies the conditions for conflict in Central Asia. Given Russian preponderance this should be an easy case for neorealism. But we demonstrate that the consequences of Russia's superior power will depend on the nature of its regime and domestic stability in Central Asia. The type of nationalism, the robustness of political institutions, and the success or failure of economic reform will be critical conditions for Central Asian stability. The paper also evaluates the prospects for conflict resolution and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1999
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12. The Development of British Commercial and Political Networks in the Straits Settlements 1800 to 1868: The Rise of a Colonial and Regional Economic Identity?
- Author
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WEBSTER, ANTHONY
- Subjects
COMMERCE & politics ,MERCHANTS ,ECONOMIC history ,BUSINESS networks ,BRITISH colonies ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper examines the growth of the British commercial communities in the Straits Settlements in the first half of the nineteenth century. It describes how they emerged as a coherent commercial and political interest group, separate from the Indian empire, with their own network of allies and commercial partners in Britain. As such, the Straits merchants emerged as a significant political lobby in their own right. It contends that in the process, they revived earlier notions of Southeast Asia as a discrete geographical region, in which political and ethnic diversity was bridged by the flourishing of maritime commercial networks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
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13. Mental health and integration in Asia Pacific.
- Author
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Ng, Chee H.
- Subjects
MENTAL health ,SOCIAL integration ,CULTURAL pluralism ,MENTAL health promotion ,PUBLIC health - Abstract
This brief report examines the extent to which community-based treatment and integration support are provided for people living with mental illness across 15 selected Asia-Pacific economies. Some of the key findings are discussed in light of the diversity of economies and cultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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14. Three Futures: Global Geopolynomic Transition and the Implications for Regional Security in Northeast Asia.
- Author
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Howe, Brendan
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,INTERNATIONAL organization ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
This paper discusses the implications of future predictions on security studies in Northeast Asia. A broad spectrum of possible futures has been identified for both the global political, economic and security order. A liberal modernist hypotheses was considered. The focus is on the virtuous triangle of democracy, economic interdependence and international organization as a source of peace.
- Published
- 2005
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15. Prognostic value of different anthropometric indices over different measurement intervals to predict mortality in 6–59-month-old children.
- Author
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Briend, André, Myatt, Mark, Berkley, James A, Black, Robert E, Boyd, Erin, Garenne, Michel, Lelijveld, Natasha, Isanaka, Sheila, McDonald, Christine M, Mwangwome, Martha, O'Brien, Kieran S, Schwinger, Catherine, Stobaugh, Heather, Taneja, Sunita, West, Keith P, and Khara, Tanya
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CHILD mortality ,INTERVAL measurement ,RECEIVER operating characteristic curves ,PROGNOSIS ,ARM circumference - Abstract
Objective: To compare the prognostic value of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight-for-height Z -score (WHZ) and weight-for-age Z -score (WAZ) for predicting death over periods of 1, 3 and 6 months follow-up in children. Design: Pooled analysis of twelve prospective studies examining survival after anthropometric assessment. Sensitivity and false-positive ratios to predict death within 1, 3 and 6 months were compared for three individual anthropometric indices and their combinations. Setting: Community-based, prospective studies from twelve countries in Africa and Asia. Participants: Children aged 6–59 months living in the study areas. Results: For all anthropometric indices, the receiver operating characteristic curves were higher for shorter than for longer durations of follow-up. Sensitivity was higher for death with 1-month follow-up compared with 6 months by 49 % (95 % CI (30, 69)) for MUAC < 115 mm (P < 0·001), 48 % (95 % CI (9·4, 87)) for WHZ < -3 (P < 0·01) and 28 % (95 % CI (7·6, 42)) for WAZ < -3 (P < 0·005). This was accompanied by an increase in false positives of only 3 % or less. For all durations of follow-up, WAZ < -3 identified more children who died and were not identified by WHZ < -3 or by MUAC < 115 mm, 120 mm or 125 mm, but the use of WAZ < -3 led to an increased false-positive ratio up to 16·4 % (95 % CI (12·0, 20·9)) compared with 3·5 % (95 % CI (0·4, 6·5)) for MUAC < 115 mm alone. Conclusions: Frequent anthropometric measurements significantly improve the identification of malnourished children with a high risk of death without markedly increasing false positives. Combining two indices increases sensitivity but also increases false positives among children meeting case definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Psychological distress and unhealthy dietary behaviours among adolescents aged 12–15 years in nine South-East Asian countries: a secondary analysis of the Global School-Based Health Survey data.
- Author
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Shawon, Md Shajedur Rahman, Jahan, Esrat, Rouf, Rashawan Raziur, and Hossain, Fariha Binte
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FOOD habits ,SUICIDE ,MIDDLE-income countries ,MENTAL health ,LOW-income countries ,DISEASE prevalence ,MENTAL depression ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,ODDS ratio ,ANXIETY ,PSYCHOLOGICAL distress ,SECONDARY analysis ,CHILDREN ,ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
It is unclear whether there is any association between psychological distress and unhealthy dietary habits among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of these factors in South-East Asia region and investigate their associations. We used data from the Global School-based Health Survey for nine South-East Asian countries. Psychological distress was defined by presence of ≥ 2 factors from loneliness, anxiety, suicide ideation, suicide planning and suicide attempt. We assessed inadequate fruit intake, inadequate vegetable intake, daily soft drink and weekly fast-food consumption. We used random-effects meta-analysis to estimate pooled prevalence. Logistic regressions were used to estimate OR of unhealthy dietary behaviours for psychological distress. Among 30 013 adolescents (56 % girls) aged 12–15 years, the prevalence of psychological distress was 11·0 %, with girls reporting slightly higher than boys (11·8 % v. 10·1 %). The prevalence of inadequate fruit intake, inadequate vegetable intake, daily soft drink consumption and weekly fast-food consumption was 42 %, 26 %, 40 % and 57 %, respectively. Psychological distress was associated with inadequate fruit intake (pooled OR = 1·20, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·40), inadequate vegetable intake (pooled OR = 1·17, 1·05, 1·31) and daily soft drink consumption (pooled OR = 1·14, 1·03, 1·26); but not with weekly fast-food consumption (pooled OR = 1·13, 0·96, 1·31). We observed substantial cross-country variations in prevalence and OR estimates. In conclusion, South-East Asian adolescents have significant burden of psychological distress and unhealthy dietary behaviours, with those having psychological distress are more likely to have unhealthy dietary behaviours. Our findings will guide preventative interventions and inform relevant policies around adolescent nutrition in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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17. Estimating global numbers of farmed fishes killed for food annually from 1990 to 2019.
- Author
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Mood, Alison, Lara, Elena, Boyland, Natasha K., and Brooke, Phil
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FISH kills ,FISH food ,FISH as food ,ANIMAL welfare laws ,INTERNET searching ,PLANT protection - Abstract
Global farmed finfish production increased from 9 to 56 million tonnes between 1990 and 2019. Although finfishes are now widely recognised as sentient beings, production is still being quantified as biomass rather than number of individuals (in contrast to farmed mammals and birds). Here, we estimate the global number of farmed finfishes slaughtered using FAO aquaculture production tonnages (1990-2019 data) and estimates of individual weight at killing (determined from internet searches at species and country level where possible). We relate these numbers to knowledge on humane slaughter, animal welfare law, and certification schemes. Since 1990, farmed finfish numbers killed annually for food have increased nine-fold, to 124 billion (1.24 - 1011, range 78-171 billion) in 2019. This figure does not represent the total number farmed (due to mortalities during rearing and non-food production) and is expected to increase as aquaculture expands. Our estimates indicate that farmed finfishes now outnumber the 80 billion farmed birds and mammals killed globally each year for food. The majority are produced in Asia. Inhumane slaughter practices cause suffering for most farmed finfishes. Most, 70-72%, have no legal welfare protection, and less than 1% have any fish-specific legal protection, at slaughter. The main global certification schemes in 2013-2015 accounted for 2% of slaughtered farmed finfishes. Fishes for which species-specific parameters for automated humane stunning are published comprise 20-24%. As the dominant taxa of farmed vertebrates, finfishes would benefit from better welfare if species-specific humane slaughter was defined and incorporated into laws and certification schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Fish tapeworms (Cestoda) in the molecular era: achievements, gaps and prospects.
- Author
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Scholz, Tomáš and Kuchta, Roman
- Subjects
TAPEWORMS ,CHONDRICHTHYES ,ACTINOPTERYGII ,SPECIES diversity ,PLATYHELMINTHES ,OSTEICHTHYES ,SPECIES - Abstract
The tapeworms of fishes (Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii) account one-third (1670 from around 5000) of the total tapeworm (Platyhelminthes: Cestoda) species diversity. In total 1186 species from 9 orders occur as adults in elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and chimaeras), and 484 species from 8 orders mature in ray-finned fishes (referred to here as teleosts). Teleost tapeworms are dominated by freshwater species (78%), but only 3% of elasmobranch tapeworms are known from freshwater rays of South America and Asia (Borneo). In the last 2 decades, vast progress has been made in understanding species diversity, host associations and interrelationships among fish tapeworms. In total, 172 new species have been described since 2017 (149 from elasmobranchs and 23 from teleosts; invalidly described taxa are not included, especially those from the Oriental region). Molecular data, however, largely limited to a few molecular markers (mainly 28S rDNA, but also 18S and cox 1), are available for about 40% of fish tapeworm species. They allowed us to significantly improve our understanding of their interrelationships, including proposals of a new, more natural classification at the higher-taxonomy level (orders and families) as well as at the lower-taxonomy level (genera). In this review, we summarize the main advances and provide perspectives for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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19. Foodborne trematodes: old foes, new kids on the block and research perspectives for control and understanding host–parasite interactions.
- Author
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Robinson, Mark W. and Sotillo, Javier
- Subjects
NEGLECTED diseases ,EMERGING infectious diseases ,TREMATODA - Abstract
Foodborne trematodes (FBTs) have a worldwide distribution (with particular prevalence in south-east Asia) and are believed to infect almost 75 million people, with millions more living at risk of infection. Although mortality due to trematodiasis is low, these infections cause considerable morbidity and some species are associated with the development of cancer in hyperendemic regions. Despite this, FBTs are often side-lined in terms of research funding and have been dubbed neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organisation. Thus, the aim of this special issue was to provide an update of our understanding of FBT infections, to shine a light on current work in the field and to highlight some research priorities for the future. With contributions from leading researchers, many from endemic regions, we review the major FBT species. In doing so we revisit some old foes, uncover emerging infections and discover how outbreaks are being dealt with as a result of new approaches to parasite control. We also report advances in our understanding of the interactions of FBTs with their mammalian hosts and uncover new interplay between trematodes and host microbiome components. We hope that this article collection will stimulate discussion and further research on the FBTs and help raise them from their neglected status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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20. Conserving migratory waterbirds and the coastal zone: the future of South-east Asia's intertidal wetlands.
- Author
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Yong, Ding Li, Kee, Jing Ying, Aung, Pyae Phyo, Jain, Anuj, Yeap, Chin-Aik, Au, Nyat Jun, Jearwattanakanok, Ayuwat, Lim, Kim Keang, Yu, Yat-Tung, Fu, Vivian W. K., Insua-Cao, Paul, Sawa, Yusuke, Crosby, Mike, Chan, Simba, and Crockford, Nicola J.
- Subjects
WATER birds ,COASTS ,COASTAL wetlands ,WETLANDS ,IMPORTANT bird areas ,MIGRATORY animals ,TIDAL flats ,WETLAND soils - Abstract
South-east Asia's diverse coastal wetlands, which span natural mudflats and mangroves to man-made salt pans, offer critical habitat for many migratory waterbird species in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. Species dependent on these wetlands include nearly the entire population of the Critically Endangered spoon-billed sandpiper Calidris pygmaea and the Endangered spotted greenshank Tringa guttifer, and significant populations of several other globally threatened and declining species. Presently, more than 50 coastal Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) in the region (7.4% of all South-east Asian IBAs) support at least one threatened migratory species. However, recent studies continue to reveal major knowledge gaps on the distribution of migratory waterbirds and important wetland sites along South-east Asia's vast coastline, including undiscovered and potential IBAs. Alongside this, there are critical gaps in the representation of coastal wetlands across the protected area networks of many countries in this region (e.g. Viet Nam, Indonesia, Malaysia), hindering effective conservation. Although a better understanding of the value of coastal wetlands to people and their importance to migratory species is necessary, governments and other stakeholders need to do more to strengthen the conservation of these ecosystems by improving protected area coverage, habitat restoration, and coastal governance and management. This must be underpinned by the judicious use of evidence-based approaches, including satellite-tracking of migratory birds, ecological research and ground surveys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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21. Food environment research is needed to improve nutrition and well-being in Asia and the Pacific.
- Author
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Farrell, Penny, Rachmi, Cut Novianti, Mulcahy, Georgina, Helble, Matthias, and Thow, Anne Marie
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,EVALUATION research ,COMPARATIVE studies ,NUTRITIONAL status - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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22. Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India.
- Author
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Klein, Ira
- Subjects
BRITISH colonies ,INDIAN economy ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Focuses on the consequences of the British rule in India. Impact of the 1857 Revolt on Indian economy; Lack of social program in the economic development and social transformation process; Problem in illiteracy of the masses; Insufficiency of progression in the British policies; Failure of the British policies to avoid the serious disruptions of modernization.
- Published
- 2000
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23. Differential educational patterning of cardiometabolic risks between women and men among community-dwelling Chinese adults in Hong Kong: the mediating role of obesity.
- Author
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Chung, Gary KK, Lai, Francisco TT, Hung, Heidi, Yeoh, Eng-Kiong, Chung, Roger Y, Chung, Gary K K, and Lai, Francisco T T
- Subjects
WAIST circumference ,OBESITY ,ADULTS ,HYPERTENSION in women ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,EDUCATIONAL equalization ,OLDER women ,OVERWEIGHT children ,HYPERTENSION epidemiology ,CROSS-sectional method ,INDEPENDENT living ,DISEASE prevalence - Abstract
Objectives: Educational inequalities in cardiometabolic diseases (CMD) are globally recognised; nonetheless, the evidence on potential explanatory mechanisms and effective strategies for CMD prevention and inequality reduction is relatively scarce in Asia. Therefore, the current study examined the extent and potential mediators of the association of education level with CMD conditions (i.e., hypertension and diabetes) in an advanced economy in Asia.Design: A cross-sectional study.Setting: This territory-wide cross-sectional Population Health Survey in 2014-2015 was performed in Hong Kong. Demographic, socio-economic and lifestyle factors were collected via questionnaire, while clinical data on blood pressure and glucose levels, lipid profiles and anthropometric measures were obtained during health examination. Hypertension and diabetes statuses were objectively defined by both clinical data and the use of relevant medications.Participants: 2297 community-dwelling adults aged between 15-84 years recruited via systematic replicated sampling of living quarters.Results: Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis showed that lower education level was significantly associated with hypertension among women but not men, whereas similar pattern was also observed for diabetes and other related clinical risk factors. Also, general and abdominal obesity were independently associated with hypertension and diabetes among both women and men, and substantially mediated the observed inequalities across education levels among women. Specifically, abdominal obesity was a particularly strong risk factor and mediator for diabetes.Conclusion: Educational patterning of CMD was more apparent among women in Hong Kong. Obesity control appears to be important for both overall CMD prevention and reduction of educational inequalities in CMD among women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Determining a global mid-upper arm circumference cut-off to assess underweight in adults (men and non-pregnant women).
- Author
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Tang, Alice M, Chung, Mei, Dong, Kimberly R, Bahwere, Paluku, Bose, Kaushik, Chakraborty, Raja, Charlton, Karen, Das, Priyanka, Ghosh, Mihir, Hossain, Md Iqbal, Nguyen, Phuong, Patsche, Cecilie B, Sultana, Tania, Deitchler, Megan, and Maalouf-Manasseh, Zeina
- Subjects
ARM circumference ,RECEIVER operating characteristic curves ,RANDOM effects model ,ADULTS ,RESEARCH ,META-analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,ANTHROPOMETRY ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,EVALUATION research ,ARM ,LEANNESS ,COMPARATIVE studies ,BODY mass index - Abstract
Objective: To determine if a global mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) cut-off can be established to classify underweight in adults (men and non-pregnant women).Design: We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) to explore the sensitivity (SENS) and specificity (SPEC) of various MUAC cut-offs for identifying underweight among adults (defined as BMI < 18·5 kg/m2). Measures of diagnostic accuracy were determined every 0·5 cm across MUAC values from 19·0 to 26·5 cm. A bivariate random effects model was used to jointly estimate SENS and SPEC while accounting for heterogeneity between studies. Various subgroup analyses were performed.Setting: Twenty datasets from Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, North America and South America were included.Participants: All eligible participants from the original datasets were included.Results: The total sample size was 13 835. Mean age was 32·6 years and 65 % of participants were female. Mean MUAC was 25·7 cm, and 28 % of all participants had low BMI (<18·5 kg/m2). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the pooled dataset was 0·91 (range across studies 0·61-0·98). Results showed that MUAC cut-offs in the range of ≤23·5 to ≤25·0 cm could serve as an appropriate screening indicator for underweight.Conclusions: MUAC is highly discriminatory in its ability to distinguish adults with BMI above and below 18·5 kg/m2. This IPDMA is the first step towards determining a global MUAC cut-off for adults. Validation studies are needed to determine whether the proposed MUAC cut-off of 24 cm is associated with poor functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
25. Associations between coffee consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese city: the Takayama study.
- Author
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Yamakawa, Michiyo, Wada, Keiko, Goto, Yuko, Mizuta, Fumi, Koda, Sachi, Uji, Takahiro, and Nagata, Chisato
- Subjects
PROPORTIONAL hazards models ,COFFEE beans ,COFFEE growing ,MORTALITY ,COFFEE - Abstract
Objective: Epidemiological studies suggest that coffee consumption is inversely associated with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Evidence from studies targeting non-white, non-Western populations is still sparse, although coffee is popular and widely consumed in Asian countries.Design: Population-based, prospective cohort study. We used Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for dietary and lifestyle factors to estimate associations between coffee consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Dietary intake including coffee consumption was assessed only at baseline using a validated FFQ.Setting: A Japanese city.Participants: Individuals aged 35 years or older without cancer, CHD and stroke at baseline (n 29 079) and followed from 1992 to 2008.Results: From 410 352 person-years, 5339 deaths were identified (mean follow-up = 14·1 years). Coffee consumption was inversely associated with mortality from all causes and CVD among all participants, but not from cancer. Compared with the category of 'none', the multivariate hazard ratio (95 % CI) for all-cause mortality was 0·93 (0·86, 1·00) for <1 cup/d, 0·84 (0·76, 0·93) for 1 cup/d and 0·81 (0·71, 0·92) for 2-3 cups/d. The multivariate hazard ratio (95 % CI) for cardiovascular mortality were 0·87 (0·77, 0·99) for <1 cup/d, 0·76 (0·63, 0·92) for 1 cup/d and 0·67 (0·50, 0·89) for 2-3 cups/d. Inverse associations were also observed for mortality from other causes, specifically infectious and digestive diseases.Conclusion: Drinking coffee, even 1 cup/d, was inversely associated with all-cause mortality and mortality from cardiovascular, infectious and digestive diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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26. Commonality in Liquidity: A Global Perspective.
- Author
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Brockman, Paul, Chung, Dennis Y., and Pérignon, Christophe
- Subjects
LIQUIDITY (Economics) ,SPREAD (Finance) ,BID price ,ASKED price - Abstract
The article examines commonality in iiquidity using the intraday spread from 47 stock exchanges. Firm-level changes in liquidity are found to be significantly affected by exchange-level spreads in most world stock exchanges. Asian exchanges. Asian exchanges has strong commonality while Latin American exchanges exhibited the least. Evidence is found of a global component to bid-ask spreads and depth. Commonality is shown to be affected by both domestic and U.S. macroeconomic announcements on economic indicators.
- Published
- 2009
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27. Average Rate Claims with Emphasis on Catastrophe Loss Options.
- Author
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Bakshi, Gurdip and Madan, Dilip
- Subjects
MATHEMATICAL models of option ,CONTINGENT valuation ,MATHEMATICAL models of finance ,DISASTER insurance ,PETROLEUM transportation - Abstract
This article studies the valuation of options written on the average level of a Markov process. The general properties of such options are examined. We propose a closed-form characterization in which the option payoff is contingent on cumulative catastrophe losses. In our framework, the loss rate is a mean-reverting Markov process, with no continuous martingale component. The model supposes that high loss levels have lower arrival rates. We analytically derive the cumulative loss process and its characteristic function. The resulting option model is promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
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28. The Long-Run Performance of Global Equity Offerings.
- Author
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Foerster, Stephen R. and Karolyi, G. Andrew
- Subjects
EQUITY (Law) ,CAPITAL market ,COMPETITION - Abstract
We investigate the long-run return performance of non-U.S. firms that raise equity capital in U.S. markets. Overall, between 1982 and 1996, our sample of 333 global equity offerings with U.S. depositary receipt (ADR) tranches from 35 countries in Asia, Latin America, and Europe under-perform local market benchmarks of comparable firms by 8%-15% over the three years following issuance. We show that differences in long-run returns are related to the scope and magnitude of investment barriers that induce segmentation of capital markets around the world. While companies from markets with significant investment barriers for foreigners that issue equity on major U.S. exchanges outperform their benchmarks, those from segmented markets that issue equity in the U.S. by way of Rule 144A private placements significantly under-perform. We also show that inter-market competition for order flow in the post-issuance period affects long-run return performance. Post-issuance buy-and-hold abnormal returns are most significantly and positively related to the offering's ability to generate a larger share of U.S. trading volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
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- View/download PDF
29. Among Tigers: Fighting to Bring Back Asia's Big Cats.
- Author
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Redford, Kent H.
- Subjects
TIGERS ,WILDLIFE conservation ,CAREER changes - Abstract
Tiger deaths in Nagarhole Park, where he was working, appear to have been the turning point for Karanth, when he went from being a tiger biologist to becoming a tiger conservationist. Realizing that tiger conservation requires a broader perspective than work in a single protected area, Karanth shifted his research from individual tigers to populations. To Karanth, any hope of long-term tiger survival requires an understanding that people and tigers can coexist at the scale of a country or state, but not at the scale of a single protected area. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
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30. ASS volume 45 issue 5 Cover and Back matter.
- Subjects
MAGAZINE covers ,PERIODICALS - Abstract
The cover and back matter of the September 2011 issue of "Modern Asian Studies" is presented.
- Published
- 2011
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31. Vitamin D supplement use and associated demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors in 8024 South Asians aged 40-69 years: analysis of the UK Biobank cohort.
- Author
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Darling, Andrea L, Blackbourn, David J, Ahmadi, Kourosh R, and Lanham-New, Susan A
- Subjects
DIETARY supplements ,VITAMIN D ,SOUTH Asians ,VITAMIN D deficiency ,CALCIUM supplements ,YOUTH ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DEMOGRAPHY ,INGESTION ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,TISSUE banks ,EVALUATION research ,LIFESTYLES ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Objective: Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<25nmol/L) is extremely common in western-dwelling South Asians but evidence regarding vitamin D supplement usage in this group is very limited. This work identifies demographic, dietary and lifestyle predictors associated with vitamin D supplement use.Design: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline vitamin D supplement use data.Setting: UK Biobank cohort.Subjects: In total, n 8024 South Asians (Bangladeshi, Indian, Pakistani), aged 40-69 years.Results: Twenty-three % of men and 39% of women (P<0.001) [22% of Bangladeshis, 32% of Indians, 25% of Pakistanis (P<0.001)] took a vitamin D containing supplement. Median vitamin D intakes from diet were low at 1.0-3.0 micrograms per day, being highest in Bangladeshis and lowest in Indians (P<0.001). Logistic regression modelling showed that females had a higher odds of vitamin D supplement use than males (odds ratio (OR) = 2.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79 to 2.28). A lower supplement usage was seen in younger persons (40-60 years) (OR=0.75; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.86 reference= >60 years), and those living outside of Greater London (OR=0.53 to 0.77), with borderline trends for a lower body mass index, higher oily fish intake and higher household income associated with increased odds of vitamin D supplement use.Conclusions: Vitamin D supplements were not used by most South Asians and intakes from diet alone are likely to be insufficient to maintain adequate vitamin D status. Public health strategies are now urgently required to promote the use of vitamin D supplements in these specific UK South Asian subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
32. VALUES AND MORAL DILEMMAS: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON.
- Author
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McCabe, Donald L., Dukerich, Janet M., and Dutton, Jane
- Subjects
FOREIGN students ,BUSINESS students ,BUSINESS education ,DECISION making ,GRADUATE education ,MASTER of business administration degree ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,MULTICULTURALISM ,ASIAN students - Abstract
M.B.A. programs in the United States continue to admit foreign students in record numbers, yet we know little about how this cultural diversity may impact the values and ethical decision making behavior of either American or foreign students. The research discussed here examined this issue within the context of a large M.B.A. program where non-U. S. citizens comprise over twenty percent of the student population. Comparisons of U. S. and Asian students supported existing notions about the independent vs. interdependent conceptions of the role of the individual within each culture. However, these differences were not a major factor in explaining the significantly different choices made by U.S. and Asian students in selected decision making vignettes. The implication of these findings for both the M.B.A. program and the profession is discussed. It is concluded that academicians and practitioners in both cultures must work together to develop some consensus on the core principles that should govern global competition. A failure to do so may lead to increasing distrust among practitioners from different cultural backgrounds. It is suggested that graduate business education has a role to play in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1993
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- View/download PDF
33. Systematic review of infant and young child complementary feeding practices in South Asian families: the India perspective.
- Author
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Manikam, Logan, Prasad, Ankita, Dharmaratnam, Abina, Moen, Christy, Robinson, Alexandra, Light, Alexander, Ahmed, Sonia, Lingam, Raghu, and Lakhanpaul, Monica
- Subjects
CHILD nutrition ,CHILDREN'S health ,MEAL frequency ,HEALTH programs ,CINAHL database ,INFANTS ,INFANT nutrition ,MEDICAL databases ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MEDLINE ,NUTRITIONAL requirements ,SYSTEMATIC reviews - Abstract
Objective: Suboptimal nutrition among children remains a problem among South Asian (SA) families. Appropriate complementary feeding (CF) practices can greatly reduce this risk. Thus, we undertook a systematic review of studies assessing CF (timing, dietary diversity, meal frequency and influencing factors) in children aged <2 years in India.Design: Searches between January 2000 and June 2016 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Web of Science, OVID Maternity & Infant Care, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, BanglaJOL, POPLINE and WHO Global Health Library. Eligibility criteria: primary research on CF practices in SA children aged 0-2 years and/or their families. Search terms: 'children', 'feeding' and 'Asians' and derivatives. Two researchers undertook study selection, data extraction and quality appraisal (EPPI-Centre Weight of Evidence).Results: From 45 712 abstracts screened, sixty-four cross-sectional, seven cohort, one qualitative and one case-control studies were included. Despite adopting the WHO Infant and Young Child Feeding guidelines, suboptimal CF practices were found in all studies. In twenty-nine of fifty-nine studies, CF was introduced between 6 and 9 months, with eight studies finding minimum dietary diversity was achieved in 6-33 %, and ten of seventeen studies noting minimum meal frequency in only 25-50 % of the study populations. Influencing factors included cultural influences, poor knowledge on appropriate CF practices and parental educational status.Conclusions: This is the first systematic review to evaluate CF practices in SA in India. Campaigns to change health and nutrition behaviour and revision of nationwide child health nutrition programmes are needed to meet the substantial unmet needs of these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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34. An updated review of worldwide levels of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid in human breast milk by region.
- Author
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Fu, Yuanqing, Liu, Xin, Zhou, Bing, Jiang, Alice C, and Chai, Lingying
- Subjects
ARACHIDONIC acid ,DOCOSAHEXAENOIC acid ,BREAST milk ,INFANT nutrition ,SOCIAL status ,COMPARATIVE studies ,MEDLINE ,ONLINE information services ,SEAFOOD ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in human breast milk worldwide by country, region and socio-economic status.DesignDescriptive review conducted on English publications reporting breast-milk DHA and AA levels.SettingWe systematically searched and identified eligible literature in PubMed from January 1980 to July 2015. Data on breast-milk DHA and AA levels from women who had given birth to term infants were included.SubjectsSeventy-eight studies from forty-one countries were included with 4163 breast-milk samples of 3746 individuals.ResultsWorldwide mean levels of DHA and AA in breast milk were 0·37 (sd 0·11) % and 0·55 (sd 0·14) % of total fatty acids, respectively. The breast-milk DHA levels from women with accessibility to marine foods were significantly higher than those from women without accessibility (0·35 (sd 0·20) % v. 0·25 (sd 0·14) %, P<0·05). Data from the Asian region showed the highest DHA concentration but much lower AA concentration in breast milk compared with all other regions, independent of accessibility to marine foods. Comparison was made among Canada, Poland and Japan – three typical countries (each with sample size of more than 100 women) from different regions but all with high income and similar accessibility to fish/marine foods.ConclusionsThe current review provides an update on worldwide variation in breast-milk DHA and AA levels and underlines the need for future population- or region-specific investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
35. The High Mountain Asia glacier contribution to sea-level rise from 2000 to 2050.
- Author
-
Zhao, Liyun, Ding, Ran, and Moore, John C.
- Subjects
SEA level ,MOUNTAINS ,GLACIERS ,NATURAL satellites ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
We estimate all the individual glacier area and volume changes in High Mountain Asia (HMA) by 2050 based on Randolph Glacier Inventory (RGI) version 4.0, using different methods of assessing sensitivity to summer temperatures driven by a regional climate model and the IPCC A1B radiative forcing scenario. A large range of sea-level rise variation comes from varying equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) sensitivity to summer temperatures. This sensitivity and also the glacier mass-balance gradients with elevation have the largest coefficients of variability (amounting to ~50%) among factors examined. Prescribing ELA sensitivities from energy-balance models produces the highest sea-level rise (9.2 mm, or 0.76% of glacier volume a–1), while the ELA sensitivities estimated from summer temperatures at Chinese meteorological stations and also from 1°x1° gridded temperatures in the Berkeley Earth database produce 3.6 and 3.8 mm, respectively. Different choices of the initial ELA or summer precipitation lead to 15% uncertainties in modelled glacier volume loss. RGI version 4.0 produces 20% lower sea-level rise than version 2.0. More surface mass-balance observations, meteorological data from the glaciated areas, and detailed satellite altimetry data can provide better estimates of sea-level rise in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Dietary intakes among South Asian adults differ by length of residence in the USA.
- Author
-
Talegawkar, Sameera A, Kandula, Namratha R, Gadgil, Meghana D, Desai, Dipika, and Kanaya, Alka M
- Subjects
DIETARY supplements ,FOOD consumption ,HEALTH of South Asians ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,CROSS-sectional method ,ACQUISITION of data ,DIET ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,FOOD habits ,IMMIGRANTS ,RESEARCH funding ,SURVEYS ,TIME ,WESTERN diet - Abstract
Objective: To examine whether nutrient and food intakes among South Asian adult immigrants differ by length of residence in the USA.Design: Cross-sectional analysis to examine differences in nutrient and food intakes by length of residence in the USA. Dietary data were collected using an interviewer-administered, culturally appropriate FFQ, while self-reported length of residence was assessed using a questionnaire and modelled as tertiles.Setting: The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study.Subjects: Eight hundred and seventy-four South Asians (mean age=55 (sd 9) years; 47 % women; range of length of residence in the USA=2-58 years), part of the baseline examination of the MASALA study.Results: Intakes of fat, including saturated and trans fats, dietary cholesterol and n-6 fatty acids, were directly associated with length of residence, while intakes of energy, carbohydrate, glycaemic index and load, protein, dietary fibre, folate and K were inversely associated with length of residence (P trend <0·05). A longer length of residence in the USA was also associated with higher intakes of alcoholic beverages, mixed dishes including pizza and pasta, fats and oils, and lower intakes of beans and lentils, breads, grains and flour products, milk and dairy products, rice, starchy vegetables and sugar, candy and jam (P for differences across groups <0·05).Conclusions: Length of residence in the USA influences diet and nutrient intakes among South Asian adult immigrants and should be considered when investigating and planning dietary interventions to mitigate chronic disease risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
37. Cross-national variations in reported discrimination among people treated for major depression worldwide: the ASPEN/INDIGO international study.
- Author
-
Lasalvia, Antonio, Bortel, Tine Van, Bonetto, Chiara, Jayaram, Geetha, Weeghel, Jaap van, Zoppei, Silvia, Knifton, Lee, Quinn, Neil, Wahlbeck, Kristian, Cristofalo, Doriana, Lanfredi, Mariangela, Sartorius, Norman, Thornicroft, Graham, Van Bortel, Tine, van Weeghel, Jaap, and ASPEN/INDIGO Study Group
- Subjects
MENTAL depression ,THERAPEUTICS ,CROSS-cultural differences ,DISCRIMINATION against people with mental illness ,HUMAN Development Index ,MULTILEVEL models ,POISSON processes ,COMPARATIVE studies ,DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,MENTAL status examination ,PSYCHOLOGICAL tests ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SELF-evaluation ,STEREOTYPES ,SOCIAL stigma ,ETHNOLOGY research ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EVALUATION research ,CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Background: No study has so far explored differences in discrimination reported by people with major depressive disorder (MDD) across countries and cultures.Aims: To (a) compare reported discrimination across different countries, and (b) explore the relative weight of individual and contextual factors in explaining levels of reported discrimination in people with MDD.Method: Cross-sectional multisite international survey (34 countries worldwide) of 1082 people with MDD. Experienced and anticipated discrimination were assessed by the Discrimination and Stigma Scale (DISC). Countries were classified according to their rating on the Human Development Index (HDI). Multilevel negative binomial and Poisson models were used.Results: People living in 'very high HDI' countries reported higher discrimination than those in 'medium/low HDI' countries. Variation in reported discrimination across countries was only partially explained by individual-level variables. The contribution of country-level variables was significant for anticipated discrimination only.Conclusions: Contextual factors play an important role in anticipated discrimination. Country-specific interventions should be implemented to prevent discrimination towards people with MDD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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38. Variability in the reported energy, total fat and saturated fat contents in fast-food products across ten countries.
- Author
-
Ziauddeen, Nida, Fitt, Emily, Edney, Louise, Dunford, Elizabeth, Neal, Bruce, and Jebb, Susan A
- Subjects
CONVENIENCE foods ,FOOD consumption ,OBESITY risk factors ,DIETARY supplements ,CALORIC content of foods ,COMPARATIVE studies ,FATTY acids ,FAT content of food ,FOOD habits ,FOOD supply ,INGESTION ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,RESTAURANTS ,WORLD health ,ETHNOLOGY research ,FOOD portions ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
Objective: Fast foods are often energy dense and offered in large serving sizes. Observational data have linked the consumption of fast foods to an increased risk of obesity and related diseases.Design: We surveyed the reported energy, total fat and saturated fat contents, and serving sizes, of fast-food items from five major chains across ten countries, comparing product categories as well as specific food items available in most countries.Setting: MRC Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, UK.Subjects: Data for 2961 food and drink products were collected, with most from Canada (n 550) and fewest from the United Arab Emirates (n 106).Results: There was considerable variability in energy and fat contents of fast foods across countries, reflecting both the portfolio of products and serving size variability. Differences in total energy between countries were particularly noted for chicken dishes (649-1197 kJ/100 g) and sandwiches (552-1050 kJ/100g). When comparing the same product between countries variations were consistently observed in total energy and fat contents (g/100 g); for example, extreme variation in McDonald's Chicken McNuggets with 12 g total fat/100 g in Germany compared with 21·1 g/100 g in New Zealand.Conclusions: These cross-country variations highlight the possibility for further product reformulation in many countries to reduce nutrients of concern and improve the nutritional profiles of fast-food products around the world. Standardisation of serving sizes towards the lower end of the range would also help to reduce the risk of overconsumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. GLOBALISATION, MARKET FORMATION AND COMMODITISATION IN THE SPANISH EMPIRE. CONSUMER DEMAND FOR ASIAN GOODS IN MEXICO CITY AND SEVILLE, C. 1571-1630.
- Author
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GASCH-TOMÁS, JOSÉ L.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC globalization ,MANILA galleons ,ECONOMETRICS ,MARITIME shipping ,BUSINESS networks ,MARKETS ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) -- History ,HISTORY ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,COMMERCE - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
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40. The Strength to Concede: Ruling Parties and Democratization in Developmental Asia.
- Author
-
Slater, Dan and Wong, Joseph
- Subjects
AUTHORITARIANISM ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,LEGITIMATION (Sociology) ,POLITICAL parties ,POLITICAL development ,DICTATORSHIP ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
Authoritarian ruling parties are expected to be exceptionally resistant to democratization. Yet some of the strongest authoritarian parties in the world have not resisted democratization, but have embraced it. This is because their raison d'etre is to continue ruling, not necessarily to remain authoritarian. Democratization requires that ruling parties hold free and fair elections, but not that they lose them. Authoritarian ruling parties can thus be incentivized to concede democratization from a position of exceptional strength as well as extreme weakness. This “conceding-to-thrive” scenario is most likely to unfold when regimes (1) possess substantial antecedent political strengths and resource advantages, (2) suffer ominous setbacks signaling that they have passed their apex of domination, and (3) pursue new legitimation strategies to arrest their incipient decline. We illustrate this heretofore neglected alternative democratization pathway through a comparative-historical analysis of three Asian developmental states where ruling parties have democratized from varying positions of considerable strength: Taiwan, South Korea, and Indonesia. We then consider the implications of our analysis for three “candidate cases” in developmental Asia where ruling parties have not yet conceded democratization despite being well-positioned to thrive were they to do so: Singapore, Malaysia, and the world's most populous dictatorship, China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. ASS volume 45 issue 6 Cover and Back matter.
- Subjects
PERIODICALS - Abstract
The article offers brief descriptions of several journals published by the Cambridge University Press including "Modern Intellectual History" and "International Journal of Asian Studies" as well as the table of contents for the November 2011 issue of the journal "Modern Asian Studies."
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. JRA volume 21 issue 2 Cover and Front matter.
- Subjects
- ASIA
- Abstract
The table of contents for the April 2011 issue of the "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society" is presented.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Ethnic Redistribution in Bipolar Societies: The Crafting of Asymmetric Policy Claims in Two Asia-Pacific States.
- Author
-
Shoup, Brian D.
- Subjects
ETHNIC relations ,GOVERNMENT ownership ,EQUALITY ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Many post-colonial states use ethnically-based redistribution (EBR) programs to address economic inequalities between dominant minority communities and professedly autochthonous majority communities. Nevertheless, despite considerable efforts such programs have generally failed in terms of advancing the economic status of majorities. In this article I will suggest that EBRs in post-colonial states are not solely intended to ameliorate economic gaps, but rather are also a policy tool used by governing elites to advance a narrative of state ownership, and by extension a decidedly non-liberal notion of democratic citizenship. I explore this claim through an analysis of Malaysia and Fiji, two post-colonial states characterized by persistent asymmetric claims by ethnic majorities who claim legitimacy by virtue of indigenousness. The discussion will focus first on the formation, deployment, and persistence of claims of ethnic hierarchy by professedly indigenous groups. Second, attention will be paid to how such claims are linked to demands for ethnically based redistribution following a direct challenge to extant ethnic hierarchies. Finally, the policies will be assessed both in terms of their stated economic objectives and in terms of their ability to generate a broader sense of autochthonous identity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Eurasians in British Asia during the Second World War.
- Author
-
YAP, FELICIA
- Subjects
WORLD War II Japanese prisoners & prisons ,BRITISH colonies ,CONCENTRATION camps ,EURASIANS - Abstract
One of the most important minorities in the British colonial empire in Asia consisted of those of mixed European and Asian parentage and/or ancestry, or Eurasians, as they were widely known. It is perhaps surprising that despite the voluminous literature written about British colonial communities in the East, relatively little scholarly attention has been paid to Eurasians and their histories. A closer examination of the members of this marginalised colonial category is nevertheless crucial as they stood at the problematic boundaries of racial politics and identity, and are therefore vital to our understanding of the tensions of empire. The few existing studies of Eurasians in British Asia have tended to focus on the experiences of Eurasians either before or after the Second World War, neglecting the period of Japanese occupation as a significant epoch in the evolution of these communities. In reality, if we intend to unravel the multi-layered history of Eurasians in this region, we must examine the critical position of these colonial communities during this tumultuous period. The nuances of their intriguing wartime relationships with both the British and the Japanese also merit serious attention. With these aims in mind, this article will investigate the compelling experiences of Eurasian communities in Japanese-occupied British Asia, with an especial focus on those who were incarcerated by the Japanese in civilian internment camps in Hong Kong and Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Identifying the ‘agriculturists’ in the Burma Delta in the colonial period: A new perspective on agriculturists based on a village tract's registers of holdings from the 1890s to the 1920s.
- Author
-
Mizuno, Asuka
- Subjects
COLONIAL Period, Myanmar, 1824-1948 ,IMPERIALISM & society ,AGRICULTURAL scientists ,ECONOMIC history ,COLONIES - Abstract
According to the existing studies on Myanmar's economic history, agricultural land in the Lower Myanmar delta was transferred from ‘agriculturists’ to ‘non-agriculturists’ under British colonial rule. However, a clear distinction could not be drawn between the agriculturists and non-agriculturists as was generally thought with respect to their economic activity. More importantly, the categories could be applied interchangeably. The purpose of this study is to reconsider the very concept of ‘agriculturist’ as a colonial category in British Burma by exploring the hitherto unused register of holdings (Register IA, U pain hmatpoun sayin). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Liberal Leviathan or Imperial Outpost? J. S. Furnivall on Colonial Rule in Burma.
- Author
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ENGLEHART, NEIL A.
- Subjects
COLONIAL Period, Myanmar, 1824-1948 ,MYANMAR politics & government, 1824-1948 ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,LIBERALISM ,IMPERIALISM ,ECONOMIC history ,BRITISH colonies ,HISTORY - Abstract
J. S. Furnivall, in his influential account of the impact of British rule in Burma 1824–1948, argues that British officials laid down a Liberal administration that exposed the colony to market forces, monetized the economy and devastated communities. However, there is little evidence that British administrators actually thought in Liberal terms: they relied heavily on institutions inherited from the Burmese monarchy, and when they introduced new administrative methods these were drawn from other parts of British India and only indirectly influenced by Liberalism. Furnivall's view of the ideological origins of British administration, in turn, distorts his reading of the impact of British rule, as illustrated by recent work on the pre-colonial economy showing that it was in fact more monetized and commercialized than he claims. If his account of the pre-modern economy is not viable, Furnivall's claims about the impact of British colonialism in Burma demand re-evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Oil Import Diversification in Northeast Asia: A Comparison Between China and Japan.
- Author
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Vivoda, Viado and Manicom, James
- Subjects
IMPORTS ,DIVERSIFICATION in industry ,ENERGY security ,NATIONAL security ,IMPORTERS - Abstract
In this article, we explore why oil import patterns differ between states with a view to understanding the relationship between agent-based explanations such as strategy and structural explanations-for example, geography We compare degree of diversification between China and Japan in an effort to explore the relationship between agency and structure in the formation of energy security policy The China-Japan comparison is contextualized with reference to the baseline case of the United States, a well-diversified importer. We employ the Shannon-Wiener index of diversity to assess the extent of oil import diversification, and temporal changes in diversification for China, Japan, and the United States. A key finding is that China's statist approach has allowed it to diversify its sources of imported oil more quickly than Japan's hybrid approach. In fact, since becoming a net oil importer in 1993, China's sources of imported oil have diversified quite rapidly Japan's overreliance on the Middle East for much of its imported oil has been endemic since 1973. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Asian Financial Cooperation in the 1990s: The Politics of Membership.
- Author
-
Hamanaka, Shintaro
- Subjects
REGIONALISM ,FINANCIAL crises ,ECONOMIC policy ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,SUMMIT meetings - Abstract
A commonplace view holds that the trend toward Asian financial regionalism is a relatively new phenomenon, developing in response to the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis in particular. In this article I challenge this view by analyzing financial regionalism projects before the crisis. Asian countries, especially Japan, sought to establish an Asiaonly financial cooperation framework throughout the 1990s. The policy stance of the United States, in contrast, was to participate in Asian forums and/or by itself propose and establish regional groupings that included the United States. This competition between Japan and the United States is a key factor in understanding the rise and fall of various regionalist projects and also has theoretical implications for membership politics in regional financial cooperation frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Dr Führer's Wanderjahre: The Early Career of a Victorian Archaeologist.
- Author
-
HUXLEY, ANDREW
- Subjects
ARCHAEOLOGISTS ,ARCHAEOLOGY ,ASIAN studies - Abstract
The Rev. Dr A.A. Führer lived to the age of seventy-seven. Herein is examined his first forty years. Trained as an Oriental Linguist, Führer eventually found employment as a field archaeologist. Three years after his appointment, the Archaeological Survey of India entered the worst crisis of its existence. Führer reacted in ways incompatible with scholarly integrity. It remains to be seen whether he committed further transgressions and or forgeries during his final thirty-seven years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Pacific, 1895-1945.
- Author
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MAN-HOUNG LIN
- Subjects
HISTORY of commerce ,AREA studies ,BALANCE of power ,TWENTIETH century ,DIPLOMATIC history ,20TH century maritime history ,ECONOMIC conditions in Asia - Abstract
The article discusses early twentieth-century Pacific history in Asia by focusing particularly on commerce and the economic relationships involving Taiwan and Hong Kong, as well as Japan, China, and the Unites States. The author considers subjects including maritime shipping routes in the Pacific Ocean between the U.S., Japan, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, the construction of the Panama Canal and its effect on Pacific trade, the rise of Japanese power in Asia during the period, and American imperialism.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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