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Introduction: The available literature indicates a possible association between metabolic syndrome (MS) which is highly prevalent among patients with bipolar disorder (BD), and functioning. Objectives:Wesought to compare differences in functional areas of patients with Bipolar Disorder Type 1 (BPD-1)with and without MS in euthymic period. Methods: This study included 69 euthymic BPD-1 patients without MS and 46 age- and sex-matched BPD-1 patients with MS. All participants completed a sociodemographic form; took the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Young Mania Rating Scale score, and Bipolar Disorder Functioning Questionnaire. MS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Results: All of the functioning areas were significantly lower in the BPD-1 with MS group than in the without MS group (p < 0.05). Moreover age at onset of disease was significantly lower in BPD-1 groupwithMS thanwithoutMS(p < 0.05). Number of suicide attempts was significantly higher in BPD-1 group withMSthan withoutMS (p < 0.05). Catatonic and melancholic depression were significantly more prevalent in the BPD-1 with MS than withoutMS (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that MS might have an effect on functioning in BD patients even in euthymic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identifying the predictors of response to psychiatric and psychotherapeutic treatment may be useful for increasing treatment efficacy in pharmacoresistant depressive patients. Objectives: The goal of this study was to examine the influence of dissociation, hope, personality trait and selected demographic factors in treatment response of this group of patients. Methods: Pharmacoresistant depressive inpatients were enrolled in the study. All patients completed Clinical Global Impression - both objective and subjective form (CGI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at baseline and after six weeks of combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy treatment as outcome measures. Internalized Stigma Of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) were completed at start of treatment with intention to find predictors of treatment efficacy. Results: The study included 72 patients hospitalized for the pharmacoresistant major depression, 63 of them finished the study. Mean scores of BDI-II, BAI, subjCGI, and objCGI significantly decreased during the treatment. BDI-II relative change statistically significantly correlated with the total ISMI score, Discrimination Experience, and Harm Avoidance. Strongest factors connected to BDI-II relative change were duration of disorder and Discrimination Experience. The strongest factor connected to objCGI relative change was Discrimination Experience. The existence of comorbid personality disorder did not influence the treatment response Conclusions: According to our results, the patients with pharmacoresistant depressive disorders, who have had more experience with discrimination because of their mental struggles, showed a poorer response to treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dissociation is imporant feature of the patients wiht anxiety disorders and depressive disorders. Objectives: Goal of the study was to analyze the impact of dissociation on the treatment of the patients with anxiety/neurotic spectrum and depressive disorders, and with or without personality disorders. Methods: The sample consisted of inpatients with neurotic spectrum disorders and depressive disorder. The participants completed Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, subjective version of Clinical Global Impression-Severity, Sheehan Patient-Related Anxiety Scale, and Dissociative Experience Scale, at the start and the end of the therapeutic program Results: The total of 840 patients with anxiety or depressive spectrum disorders, who were resistant to pharmacological treatment were referred for hospitalization for the six-week complex therapeutic program, were enrolled in this study. 606 of them were statistically analyzed. The patients' ratings significantly reduced during the treatment. Patients without comorbid personality disorder improved significantly more than patients with comorbid personality disorder in the reduction of depressive symptoms. However, there were no significant differences in change of anxiety and severity of disorder between the patients with and without personality disorders. The higher degree of dissociation at the beginning of the treatment predicted minor improvement. Conclusions: Dissociation presents an important factor influencing treatment effectiveness in the treatmentresistant patients with anxiety/depression with or without personality disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hope has a direct effect on the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Dissociation proved to be one of the important factors influencing treatment efficacy in anxiety disorders. Selfstigma complicated adherence of the patients to the treatment. Objectives: The hypothesis is that the increase of self-stigma is connected with the level of dissociation and both lead to a decrease in self-esteem and could also decrease treatment effectiveness in patients with anxiety disorders. Methods: A total of 109 patients were evaluated the start and end of therapy by the following scales: Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; The Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale; Adult Dispositional Hope Scale; Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised Version; Clinical Global Impression (CGI; objective and subjective); Beck Anxiety Inventory; Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition; Dissociative Experiences Scale. The therapeutic program included 25 group sessions and 5 individual therapy sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy or psychodynamic therapy in combination with pharmacotherapy. Results: Greater improvement in psychopathology, assessed by the relative change of the objective CGI, was associated with lower initial levels of dissociation, pathological dissociation, harm-avoidance, and self-stigma, and higher levels of hope and self-directedness. There were differences in the relative changes in objective CGI between the subgroups with and without a comorbid personality disorder. The patients without comorbid personality disorder improved significantly more than those with that disorder. Conclusions: Treatment effectiveness in anxiety disorders is related to self-stigma, hope, harm-avoidance, self-directedness, and dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]