35 results
Search Results
2. China Eyes the Japanese Military: China's Threat Perception of Japan since the 1980s.
- Author
-
Sasaki, Tomonori
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,NATIONAL security ,MILITARY policy ,CHINA-Japan relations - Abstract
This article represents the first attempt to examine the Chinese elite's threat perception of Japan using statistics to analyse what, if any, differences exist among the People's Liberation Army, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Chinese economic institutes. It seeks to answer two questions that have not previously been addressed in the literature. First, has there been a change in perception of the Japanese threat in these three sectors over time? And if so, what can we deduce about the causes of this change? This study finds that there have indeed been two major shifts in China's threat perception of Japan since the 1980s, one in the late 1980s and the other in the mid-1990s. It also finds that there were no differences between sectors as to the direction and timing of these shifts. It suggests that Japan's military build-up in the late 1980s and the strengthening of the US-Japan alliance from 1996 onwards are what prompted these shifts in China's threat perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Foreign and domestic influences on China's arms control and nonproliferation policies.
- Author
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Gill, Bates and Medeiros, Evan S.
- Subjects
ARMS control ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Focuses on the foreign and domestic policies influencing arms control and nonproliferation policies in China. Analysis of multilateral and unilateral pressures on international norms and agreements; Context of decision-making policies on arms control; Illustration of study cases depicting the influence of external and internal forces.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Achieving Political Objectives: South African Defense Priorities from the Apartheid to the Postapartheid Era.
- Author
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Truesdell, Amy
- Subjects
MILITARY readiness laws ,APARTHEID ,POST-apartheid era ,MILITARY strategy ,NATIONAL security ,POLITICAL leadership ,MILITARISM ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
This article explores the question of how well South African defense policies and investments during the apartheid and postapartheid era have supported the country's overall political objectives. Perhaps not surprisingly, the single-mindedness of mission during apartheid contributed, in many ways, to a defense strategy that was more cohesive than that of the postapartheid era. In the postapartheid era, opportunities for using the country's defense assets to achieve political objectives and overall national priorities have not been fully exploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. CRISIS BARGAINING, ESCALATION, AND MAD.
- Author
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Powell, Robert
- Subjects
- *
GAME-theoretical semantics , *MUTUALLY assured destruction , *MILITARY policy , *CRISES , *ESCALATION (Military science) , *MILITARY science , *STATES (Political subdivisions) , *DECISION making , *GAME theory - Abstract
AIthough incomplete information is recognized to be an essential feature of crises, game-theoretic formulations have not generally modeled this explicitly. This paper models a mutually assured destruction (MAD) crisis as a game of sequential bargaining with incomplete information, sufficiently simple that its equibria may be found. These provide better game-theoretic foundations for the notions of resolve and critical risk and their role in crises and also make it possible to compare the bargaining dynamics of this model with those of descriptively richer, but incompletely specified models, revealing several inconsistencies: several analyses of MAD conclude that the state with the greatest resolve in this contest of resolve will prevail. Many models based on critical risks suggest that a state is less likely to escalate, the greater its adversary's resolve. In our model, however, the state with the weakest resolve sometimes prevails, and some states prove more likely to escalate if their adversaries' resolve is greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. How Norms Die: Torture and Assassination in American Security Policy.
- Author
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Kutz, Christopher
- Subjects
NORM (Philosophy) ,MILITARY policy ,WAR on Terrorism, 2001-2009 ,QUESTIONING ,TORTURE - Abstract
A large and impressive literature has arisen over the past fifteen years concerning the emergence, transfer, and sustenance of political norms in international life. The presumption of this literature has been, for the most part, that the winds of normative change blow in a progressive direction, toward greater or more stringent normative control of individual or state behavior. Constructivist accounts detail a spiral of mutual normative reinforcement as actors and institutions discover the advantages of normative self- and other evaluation. There is also now much interesting research focused on the question of how to predict the emergence of future norms.I focus, however, on a different issue here: the death of norms that had once seemed well internalized and institutionalized. The issue arises in relation to one of the most dramatic features in the defense policy of the United States since 2001: the crumbling of highly restrictive normative regimes prohibiting interrogatory torture and assassination as part of the “global war on terror.” My aim here is to sketch what I take to be the central features of cases in which even norms that are clearly defined and apparently well internalized in a democracy nonetheless lose their grip on policy. The ultimate lesson, however, is an unappealing irony: While democracies surely do better than authoritarian regimes in adopting and internalizing certain kinds of constraints, in part because of a greater sensitivity to public mobilization around normative questions, that same sensitivity makes the long-term survival of these norms precarious. In particular, I suggest that force-constraining norms are most effectively internalized by coherent and relatively insulated professional cadres who see themselves as needing to act consistently over time. But in a democracy the values and arguments of those cadres are susceptible to being undermined by a combination of public panic and the invocation by policymakers of a public interest that can override the claims both of law and pragmatic restraint. Democracy, hence, can be at the same time both fertile and toxic: fertile as a source of humanitarian values and institutions, but toxic to the very institutions it cultivates.The model I will describe may be of predictive use in helping us to see the special vulnerability of normative orders in democracies. But my hope is that it is also constructive in showing us how states and institutions committed to maintaining a certain normative order, especially democratic states, might best try to entrench those norms. While my argument is conceptual and philosophical, it draws on this recent history. I also add two qualifications to this article's title. First, I am not addressing all norms, but specific norms concerning the state use of force in national security policy. I therefore do not make claims about the generalizability of the conflict I describe to other norms, for example, norms of racial, sexual, or religious orthodoxy or hierarchy, or norms of reciprocal interaction. Second, reports of a norm's death are frequently exaggerated, since norms can be latent, then resurrected. Arguably, the anti-torture norm was resuscitated by President Obama in 2009 when, as one of his first official acts as chief executive, he moved to prohibit cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment of detainees. I write here about the path of decay, whether or not that path is unidirectional, and why previously salient norms no longer seem to govern policy choice among political decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Imagined Enemies: China Prepares for Uncertain War.
- Author
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Hughes, Christopher
- Subjects
NONFICTION ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
The article reviews the book "Imagined Enemies: China Prepares for Uncertain War," by John Wilson Lewis and Xue Litai.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The Ecuadorian Army: Neglecting a Porous Border While Policing the Interior.
- Author
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Jaskoski, Maiah
- Subjects
MILITARY budgets ,BORDER security ,LAW enforcement ,NATIONAL security ,MILITARY policy ,PUBLIC spending ,GEOGRAPHIC boundaries - Abstract
This article challenges two prominent explanations for military behavior: militaries, like other bureaucracies, will seek to maximize their budgets; and in the interest of maintaining professionalism, militaries will perform sovereignty missions-external defense and counterinsurgency-more intensively than policing functions. Running counter to these expectations, since 2000, Ecuador's army has neglected its professional, lucrative mission of northern border defense, instead focusing on police work. The analysis applies organization theory to argue that the army's minimal border defense efforts have been a way to maintain predictability for patrols on the ground, the part of the army that most directly performs the army's core function of security. Specifically, the article traces how a contradiction has emerged in the army's border mission. The contradiction has meant anything but predictability for the work of troops patrolling the border, compromising the mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Risk and the fabrication of apolitical, unaccountable military markets: the case of the CIA ‘Killing Program’.
- Author
-
LEANDER, ANNA
- Subjects
COUNTERTERRORISM ,RISK ,MILITARY policy ,STRATEGIC culture ,NATIONAL security ,POLITICAL accountability ,GOVERNMENT accountability ,WAR on Terrorism, 2001-2009 - Abstract
This article argues that risk is central in (re)producing the unaccountable commercial military/security markets that are a normal part of our political reality. The argument is twofold: first it is suggested that risk rationalities and the associated ‘preventive imperative’ has a depoliticising effect – accentuated by the impersonal spread of risk rationalities and the strategies of risk professionals – which lowers the eagerness to seek accountability. However, and second, depoliticisation is significant above all as a serious obstacle to the innovative thinking that is the sine qua non of effective accountability. The enmeshed, ‘hybrid’, nature of the market places it in the ‘blind spot’ of law and is as such fundamental to the current lack of accountability. Consequently, moving beyond established regulatory frameworks and technical understandings of accountability (that is, politicising the market) is a precondition for more effective accountability. Failing to do so, will leave the current rapid legal innovation impotent while reinforcing impunity as the focus on and confidence in established regulatory frameworks grows. The failure to politicise creates an ‘accountability paradox’ where the pursuit of accountability diminishes it. The article develops this argument with reference to Blackwater's (now Xe) role in the so called CIA ‘Killing Program’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Beyond the Ends of the Earth: Donald Rumsfeld, the Mantra of Progress, and an Outer-Space View of America's War on Terror.
- Author
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GARDNER, LLOYD and SEWELL, BEVAN
- Subjects
WAR on Terrorism, 2001-2009 ,POLITICS & war ,IRAQ War, 2003-2011 ,AFGHAN War, 2001-2021 ,MILITARY science ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
This essay examines the way that US secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld sought to apply one of the central lessons of the Vietnam War to the George W. Bush administration's War on Terror after 9/11. Following the disastrous withdrawal from Vietnam, Rumsfeld had argued that one of the major lessons to be taken forward was that, in future conflicts, the US needed to ensure that the war was portrayed to the public in a way that would ensure ongoing success. The way to do this, Rumsfeld subsequently averred, was to convey a message of perpetual, unstoppable, but not too rapid, progress; victory was at hand, but it would take some time to achieve. As part of this process, Rumsfeld developed an elaborate narrative based around a keyhole satellite picture of the Korean peninsula at night – one half, that of South Korea, bathed in the light of progress; the other, North Korea, nearly completely dark. This photo, Rumsfeld suggested, told you all you needed to know about the fact that the US would ultimately succeed in the War on Terror. In taking this approach, however, Rumsfeld unwittingly revealed an inherent contradiction that has continued to blight the administration of Barack Obama: that there is a very fine line between progress toward an inevitable endpoint of victory and progress toward a position whereby the US is able to withdraw. For Rumsfeld, progress was toward an endpoint of victory and it was only the change in political context after 2006 that derailed his attempts to set out this message; for Obama, on the other hand, progress has become a prerequisite for getting out of Afghanistan and Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Denuclearisation practices of Kazakhstan: performing sovereign identity, preserving national security.
- Author
-
ABZHAPAROVA, AIDA
- Subjects
NUCLEAR weapons ,SOVEREIGNTY ,NATIONAL security ,NUCLEAR arms control ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,NUCLEAR warfare ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
In this article, I investigate the processes of the discursive construction of the identity of Kazakhstan as a sovereign and non-nuclear state, and show how the construction and performance of these identities are both productive and the product of Nuclear Weapons Technology (NWT) as a threat to the national security of Kazakhstan. I argue that both practices – the production of the state identity and the abolition of the ex-Soviet nuclear arsenal from the territory of Kazakhstan – are instrumental ways to secure the values of Kazakhstan, in this case the existence of Kazakhstan as a sovereign state. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Taboo or tradition? The non-use of nuclear weapons in world politics.
- Author
-
PAUL, T. V.
- Subjects
NUCLEAR weapons ,DETERRENCE (Military strategy) ,TABOO ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,SOCIAL constructionism ,MILITARY policy ,COLD War, 1945-1991 - Abstract
The non-use of nuclear weapons since Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 has emerged as a major puzzle in international politics. Traditional International Relations scholarship views this largely as a function of the deterrent relationship that emerged between the nuclear powers, especially during the Cold War era. The fact that nuclear weapons have not been used against non-nuclear states, despite temptations to use them, remains a challenge to the deterrence-only explanation. More normatively oriented scholars have argued that a taboo has emerged against the non-use of nuclear weapons. Nina Tannenwald's book, The Nuclear Taboo is the most comprehensive study on this subject which relies on constructivist logic of inter-subjective taboo-like prohibition in accounting for the puzzle. While I see much merit in Tannenwald's empirical case studies, it is far-fetched to call the non-use largely a function of a taboo-like prohibition. For, taboos by their very nature forbid discussions of their breaking, whereas nuclear states have national military strategies that call for nuclear use under certain circumstances. They have also in many crises situations considered the use of nuclear weapons. I have argued in my book, The Tradition of Non-use of Nuclear Weapons (Stanford University Press, 2009), that a more modest tradition can be given partial credit for the absence of nuclear attacks on non-nuclear states. The tradition emerged because of a realisation of the horrendous effects of nuclear attack (a material fact) which generated reputation costs for a potential user. These reputation costs in turn generated self-deterrence which has helped to create a tradition which is partially restraining nuclear states from using their weapons for anything other than existential deterrence. Unlike Tannenwald, I contend that the tradition is not a strict taboo and hence it can be altered if material and political circumstances compel nuclear states to do so. The recent policy changes that have taken place in nuclear powers such as the US, Russia, UK, and France do not augur well for the tradition as the conditions for atomic use have been expanded to include prevention, pre-emption and other non-proliferation objectives involving rogue states and terrorist groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Ottoman State Finances in European Perspective, 1500-1914.
- Author
-
KARAMAN, K. KIVANÇ and PAMUK, ŞEVKET
- Subjects
OTTOMAN Empire ,ECONOMIC conditions in Europe ,FINANCE ,DECENTRALIZATION in government ,GOVERNMENT revenue ,TAXATION ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,MILITARY policy ,HISTORY - Abstract
The early modem era witnessed the formation across Europe of centralized states that captured increasing shares of resources as taxes. These states not only enjoyed greater capacity to deal with domestic and external challenges, they were also able to shield their economies better against wars. This article examines the Ottoman experience with fiscal centralization using recently compiled evidence from budgets. It shows that due to high shares of intermediaries, Ottoman revenues lagged behind those of other states in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Ottomans responded to military defeats, however, and achieved significant increases in central revenues during the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Refining strategic culture: return of the second generation.
- Author
-
LOCK, EDWARD
- Subjects
STRATEGIC culture ,NATIONAL security ,MILITARY policy ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL security - Abstract
This article seeks to refine the concept of 'strategic culture' and to highlight some appropriate methods of analysis through which this concept might be applied in empirical studies. In doing so, I seek to synthesise a much ignored element of strategic culture literature - Bradley Klein's 'second generation' approach - with insights drawn from contemporary critical constructivist theory. The resulting conception of strategic culture presents a less deterministic account of culture than that found in much existing literature regarding. It also provides far greater critical potential with regard to the analysis of the strategic practices of states and other actors. More generally, this conception of strategic culture leads us to ask how strategic culture serves to constitute certain strategic behaviour as meaningful but also how strategic behaviour serves to constitute the identity of those actors that engage in such behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Justus Lipsius, political humanism and the disciplining of 17th century statecraft.
- Subjects
HISTORY of humanism ,DESPOTISM ,MALE scholars ,DIPLOMATIC history ,POLITICAL science ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Justus Lipsius (1547?1606) was among the most influential thinkers of the late 16th/early 17th centuries. His guides for action were highly influential in the establishment of moderate absolutism and what has been called the fiscal-military state across Europe. In this article I explore Lipsian thought in an International Relations context. Special attention is paid to his ideals of discipline, which were meant to order both the ruler and those that he ruled. Dignity, self-restraint and discipline were the recipes for the foreign policy of the prince, while the individual was subordinated to the purposes of the state, and taught to control his own life by mastering his emotions. If not a seminal thinker in his own right, it is necessary to understand Lipsius? thought and influence to be able to fully understand the 17th century theoretical approaches to peace and prosperity and the relative discipline of early-modern statecraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Military Coercion in Interstate Crises.
- Author
-
Slantchev, Branislav L.
- Subjects
MILITARY mobilization ,WAR ,DETERRENCE (Military strategy) ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,PEACE ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Military mobilization simultaneously sinks costs, because it must be paid for regardless of the outcome, and ties hands, because it increases the probability of winning should war occur. Existing studies neglect this dualism and cannot explain signaling behavior and tacit bargaining well. I present a formal model that incorporates both functions and shows that many existing conclusions about crisis escalation have to be qualified. Contrary to models with either pure sunk costs or tying-hands signaling, bluffing is possible in equilibrium. General monotonicity results that r!elate the probability of war to an informed player's expected payoff from fighting do not extend to this environment with its endogenous distribution of power. Peace may involve higher military allocations than war. Rational deterrence models also assume that a commitment either does or does not exist Extending these, I show how the military instrument can create commitments and investigate the difficulties with communicating them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Toward Pokhran II: Explaining India's Nuclearisation Process.
- Author
-
Chakma, Bhumitra
- Subjects
NUCLEAR weapons ,NATIONAL security ,FOREIGN relations of India ,ORDNANCE ,POLITICS & government of India ,MILITARY architecture ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Assesses India's acquisition of nuclear weapons in the light of debate of why states built nuclear arsenals. Consideration of national security and prestige; Formation of a nuclear security dilemma precipitated by the first Chinese nuclear test; Emphasis of the government in building a wide-ranging nuclear infrastructure; Motives of political leaders in forming nuclear programs.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. The governance of European security.
- Author
-
Mark Webber, Stuart Croft, Jolyon Howorth, Terry Terriff, and Elke Krahmann
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,SECURITY management ,SOCIAL psychology ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
This article seeks to develop a concept of security governance in the context of post-Cold War Europe. The validity of a governance approach lies in its ability to locate some of the distinctive ways in which European security has been coordinated, managed and regulated. Based on an examination of the way governance is utilised in other political fields of political analysis, the article identifies the concept of security governance as involving the coordinated management and regulation of issues by multiple and separate authorities, the interventions of both public and private actors (depending upon the issue), formal and informal arrangements, in turn structured by discourse and norms, and purposefully directed toward particular policy outcomes. Three issues are examined to demonstrate the utility of the concept of security governance for understanding security in post-Cold War Europe: the transformation of NATO, the Europeanisation of security accomplished through EU-led initiatives and, finally, the resultant dynamic relationship between forms of exclusion and inclusion in governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Beyond Coalitions of the Willing: Assessing U.S. Multilateralism.
- Author
-
Patrick, Stewart
- Subjects
WAR & ethics ,COUNTERTERRORISM ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Assesses the ethical dimensions of the debate over U.S. unilateralism and multilateralism in its war campaign against terrorism. Balance between unilateralism and multilateralism in the U.S. global engagement; Views of the U.S. government on multilateralism; Distinctions between multilateralism and unilateralism.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Just War, Not Prevention.
- Author
-
Nichols, Thomas M.
- Subjects
JUST war doctrine ,MILITARY policy ,COUNTERTERRORISM - Abstract
Expresses views on the principles of just-war in an aim to cover the military policy of the U.S. in its campaign against terrorism. Ethical implications of preemptive and preventive war; Views on the U.S.-led war in Iraq; Objection raised to military action in Iraq.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Public Battles over Militarisation and Democracy in Honduras, 1954-1963.
- Author
-
Bowman, Kirk
- Subjects
HONDURAN politics & government, 1933-1982 ,CIVIL-military relations ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Examines the process of militarization in Honduras from the period 1954-1963. Public reaction to the process of militarization; Political consequences of the militarization; Influence of militarization on power relations and democratic consolidation.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. The impact of the Gulf War on the ingredients of presidential evaluations: multidimensional effects of political involvement
- Author
-
Krosnick, Jon A. and Brannon, Laura A.P
- Subjects
Persian Gulf War, 1991 -- Political aspects -- Analysis ,Political participation -- Analysis -- Political aspects ,Political science ,Analysis ,Military policy ,Political aspects - Abstract
Note: Number of Cases = 1,090. a American Indian, Alaskan, Asian, or Pacific Islander Notes This paper was presented at the National Election Studies Conference on the Political Consequences of [...]
- Published
- 1993
23. Soldiers, weapons and Chinese development strategy: The Mao era military in China's economic and...
- Author
-
Feigenbaum, Evan A.
- Subjects
TECHNOLOGY ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Focuses on the origins and fates of development ideas of military alternatives associated with the Mao era in China. Substance of the development package resulting from the military alternative; Effects of militarization and military-technical influence on China's technological and economic trajectory.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Chile's neo-liberal revolution: Incremental decisions and structural transformation, 1973-89.
- Author
-
Kurtz, Marcus J.
- Subjects
LIBERALISM ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Analyzes the emergence of a comprehensive and coherent neo-liberal developmental model during the period of military rule in Chile. Hesitation, policy contradiction and incremental chaos during the regime; Military's efforts to deal with economic and political stabilization; Variations in policy outcome across different phases of military rule.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The Labour Party and the parliamentary campaign to abolish the military death penalty, 1919-1930.
- Author
-
McHugh, John
- Subjects
HISTORY of capital punishment ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Studies a campaign led in the 1920s by a group of backbench Labour Members of Parliament (MP) aimed at abolishing military death penalty for offenses of cowardice and desertion. Opposition to the campaign; Military's insistence that capital penalty was needed to maintain army discipline; Abolition of the military death penalty for cowardice and desertion in the Army Act of 1930.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Neutralising the Use of Force in Uganda: The Role of the Military in Politics.
- Author
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Brett, E.A.
- Subjects
DEMOCRATIZATION ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Analyzes the role of the military in democratic transitions by looking at the case of Uganda. Use of military power to destroy democratic institutions; Principles which govern civil-military relations in modern state theory; Circumstances which allowed violence to become such an important feature of Ugandan politics.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Between Confrontation and Accommodation: Military and Government Policy in Democratic Argentina.
- Author
-
Pion-Berlin, David
- Subjects
MILITARY policy ,PERUVIAN politics & government - Abstract
Examines the military policy of the Argentine government of Raul Alfonsin, from 1983 to 1989. Civil-military interaction; Government's political tactics; Proposals to establish civilian control.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Power and Diplomacy: The 1920's Reappraised.
- Author
-
Braeman, John
- Subjects
POWER (Social sciences) ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,FOREIGN relations of the United States ,PACIFISTS ,MILITARY readiness ,MILITARY policy - Abstract
Discusses the role of power in the foreign policy of the U.S. in the 1920s. Influence of pacifists on the country's preparedness for war; Goals of the country's foreign policy; Pitfalls of the foreign and military policies of the U.S.
- Published
- 1982
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes and Consequences for International Politics.
- Author
-
Joyce, Kyle A.
- Subjects
MILITARY policy ,NONFICTION - Abstract
The article reviews the book "The Diffusion of Military Power: Causes and Consequences for International Politics," by Michael C. Horowitz.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Dealing with a truculent ally: a comparative perspective on China's handling of North Korea
- Author
-
Chambers, Michael R.
- Subjects
China -- Military aspects -- International economic relations ,Nuclear crisis control -- Military aspects ,Regional focus/area studies ,Social sciences ,Military aspects ,International economic relations ,Military policy - Abstract
Fearing war on the Korean peninsula as a result of the current nuclear crisis, China has attempted to restrain its risk-taking ally in North Korea and push it toward a [...]
- Published
- 2005
31. The nuclear taboo: the United States and the normative basis of nuclear non-use
- Author
-
Tannenwald, Nina
- Subjects
United States -- Military policy ,Nuclear weapons -- Political aspects -- Ethical aspects ,No first use (Nuclear strategy) -- Ethical aspects -- Political aspects ,International relations ,Law ,Political science ,Military policy ,International aspects ,Political aspects ,Ethical aspects - Abstract
A normative element--a 'nuclear taboo'--must be taken into account in explaining why the United States has not used nuclear weapons since 1945. Realists would deny that a taboo exists or [...]
- Published
- 1999
32. Entrenching the Yoshida defense doctrine: three techniques for institutionalization
- Author
-
Chai, Sun-Ki
- Subjects
Japan -- Military policy ,Defense spending -- Japan ,Military policy -- Japan ,International relations ,Law ,Political science ,Military policy - Abstract
Japan's low level of defense expenditure relative to the size of its economy has long been viewed as an important anomaly among major industrialized countries, yet there has been little effort to subject it to a theoretically informed explanation. The most obvious factors, those linked to theories of the international system, provide an incomplete explanation for the phenomenon. Domestic factors need to be examined but in ways that are grounded in theory rather than ad hoc. This article focuses on the process through which postwar Prime Minister Yoshida Shigeru and like-minded successors entrenched a minimalist defense policy, making it resistant to significant changes over time. In doing so, the article discusses the theoretical basis of three different techniques for institutionalization: the creation of formal rules and organizations, the promulgation of informal boundaries that serve as 'focal points' for bargaining and conflict, and the shaping of public ideology through dissonance resolution. The article also examines the implications of this analysis for theories of institutions and for future Japanese defense policies., Japan's level of defense expenditure relative to the size of its economy has long been uniquely low among the major industrialized countries. As of 1995, Japan's expenditures stood at 0.96 [...]
- Published
- 1997
33. Fabius Maximus in Venice: Doge Andrea Gritti, the War of Cambrai, and the Rise of Habsburg Hegemony, 1509-1530 [*]
- Author
-
FINLAY, ROBERT
- Subjects
Gritti, Andrea -- Military policy -- Biography ,Venice, Italy -- History ,Holy Roman Empire -- History ,Humanities ,Literature/writing ,Military policy ,History - Abstract
As a consequence of its dismal experience in the War of Cambrai (1509-1517), the Venetian Republic adopted a military policy of avoiding battlefield encounters. As a commander in the war [...]
- Published
- 2000
34. 'Iron Claws on Malaya': The Historiography of the Malayan Emergency
- Author
-
Hack, Karl
- Subjects
United Kingdom -- Military policy ,Malaysia -- Political aspects ,Communism -- Political aspects ,Regional focus/area studies ,Military policy ,Political aspects - Abstract
Authors such as Anthony Short and Richard Stubbs have suggested that the Emergency was at a stalemate in 1951, and that 'hearts and minds' measures or the leadership of Sir Gerald Templer subsequently transformed the British campaign. By contrast, this article argues that the Emergency reached a critical point as early as 1951-52, and that Britain's success was based less on the wooing of 'hearts and minds' than on 'screwing down' Communist supporters through population control measures, an approach which proved effective because of local ethnic, social and political patterns., This article addresses the historiography of the Malayan Emergency (1948-60). It does so by challenging two archetypal works on the conflict: those of Anthony Short and Richard Stubbs. These argue [...]
- Published
- 1999
35. THE PLACE THAT BEACHED A THOUSAND SHIPS(*)
- Author
-
BOWEN, ANTHONY
- Subjects
Greece -- History ,Triremes ,History ,Languages and linguistics ,Literature/writing ,Philosophy and religion ,Regional focus/area studies ,Military policy ,Works - Abstract
The aims and performance of Xerxes' fleet in the period before Thermopylai are mostly taken by students of the invasion as they are set out in Herodotus. A closer look [...]
- Published
- 1998
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