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Gregory Clark, in his review of the book 'Agricultural Rent in England: 1690-1914,' has mistakenly attributed to the author results which are not found in the book. Clark was in error in stating that the book gave the total value of rent in 1690 in England as 2.8 million pounds sterling. Clark pointed out this low figure because he wanted to contrast his own figure of 8.3 million pounds sterling.

Objective: To provide accurate estimates of the commencement time, duration and dosage of folic acid (FA) supplementation taken by Irish women in the periconceptional period. The study also aimed to establish the factors associated with optimal FA supplementation practices.Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Women's clinical and sociodemographic details were computerised. Maternal weight and height were measured before calculating BMI. Detailed FA supplementation questionnaires were completed under the supervision of a trained researcher.Setting: A large university maternity hospital, Republic of Ireland, January 2014-April 2016.Subjects: Women (n 856) recruited at their convenience in the first trimester.Results: While almost all of the women (97 %) were taking FA at enrolment, only one in four women took FA for at least 12 weeks preconceptionally (n 208). Among the 44 % of women who were supplementing with FA preconceptionally, 44 % (162/370) reported taking FA for less than the 12 weeks required to achieve optimal red-blood-cell folate levels for prevention of neural tube defects. On multivariate analysis, only planned pregnancy and nulliparity were associated with taking FA for at least 12 weeks preconceptionally. Among women who only took FA postconceptionally, almost two-thirds commenced it after day 28 of their pregnancy when the neural tube had already closed.Conclusions: As the timing of FA was suboptimal both before and after conception, we recommend that current national FA guidelines need to be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examined whether breast-feeding, and in particular exclusive breast-feeding, was associated with maternal weight and body composition changes at 4 months postpartum independently of other maternal variables.Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Women were recruited in the first trimester after an ultrasound examination confirmed an ongoing singleton pregnancy. Weight and body composition were measured using advanced bio-electrical impedance analysis at the first antenatal visit and 4 months postpartum. Detailed questionnaires were completed on breast-feeding, socio-economic status, diet and exercise in addition to routine clinical and sociodemographic details.Setting: Large Irish university maternity hospital.Subjects: Women who delivered a baby weighing ≥500 g between November 2012 and March 2014.Results: At the postpartum visit, the mean weight was 70·9 (sd 14·2) kg (n 470) and the mean BMI was 25·9 (sd 5·0) kg/m2. 'Any breast-feeding' was reported by 65·1 % of women (n 306). Irish nativity (OR=0·085, P<0·001), current smoking (OR=0·385, P=0·01), relative income poverty (OR=0·421, P=0·04) and deprivation (OR=0·458, P=0·02) were negatively associated with exclusive breast-feeding. At 4 months postpartum there was no difference in maternal weight change between women who exclusively breast-fed and those who formula-fed (+2·0 v. +1·1 kg, P=0·13). Women who exclusively breast-fed had a greater increase in percentage body fat at 4 months postpartum compared with women who formula-fed (+1·0 v. -0·03 %, P=0·02), even though their dietary quality was better. Exclusive breast-feeding was not associated with postpartum maternal weight or body fat percentage change after adjusting for other maternal variables.Conclusions: There are many reasons why breast-feeding should be strongly promoted but we found no evidence to support postpartum weight management as an advantage of breast-feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues on the interpretation of Jonathan Foyle, a historian of architecture, on the architectural framework of the Thomas Wolsey's Great Hall at the Hampton Court Palace in London, England. Foyle states that the first-floor hall were created by Wolsey and the parts were retained by Henry VII including the south wall, basement cross wall, oriel window, north wall, three access stairs, north-east corner stair turret, and the east wall. However, his idea is contradicted because there is no evidence to prove it. It is added that Wolsey were not able to implement his plans of creating the hall and it was Henry VIII who created the Great Hall as a prelude to a suite of first-floor apartments.

Seeks to re-balance the canon of anti-corn law leadership by examining the ideas of Thomas Perronet Thompson. Role in the work of the Anti-Corn Law League; Thompson's free trade principles; Personal leadership among anti-corn leaders; Links between the League and other phenomena as Chartism and the campaign for factory reform; Central importance of Thompson in the achievement of repeal.

Examines the relative efficiency of farming in open fields or enclosures in England. Yield and output of principal grain crops in 1795 to 1801; Implications to total agricultural productivity.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a time when weight increases as part of a physiological process to aid fetal growth. However, when excess weight is gained during pregnancy, and retained thereafter, the risk of obesity in the future increases. Increasing BMI between pregnancies and maternal obesity are associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although the risks of increasing BMI on future pregnancies is well defined, the predictors of this weight gain are not. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of interpregnancy BMI change. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in one of Europe's largest maternity hospitals delivering approximately 8000 infants per annum. Women's sociodemographic and clinical data were self-reported at the first antenatal visit and computerised to an electronic recording system by trained midwives. Weight and height were measured at the first antenatal visits of both pregnancies, and body mass index was calculated. Data was extracted and analysed for women who delivered their first and second singleton infants between 2009–2018. Results: A total of 12,056 women delivered their first and second baby over the 10-year period. The mean interval between pregnancies was 32.3months (SD15.9) and the median BMI change was 0.6units (IQR1.3). From the first to the second pregnancy the rate of obesity increased from 11.6% to 16.0%. Between pregnancies 46.1% of women maintained their BMI (-1 to + 1units), 13.3% lost > 1 BMI unit(s), whereas 15.5% gained 1–2unit(s), 9.9% gained 2–3units and 12.0% gained > 3units. Overall, 5.8% became obese by the second pregnancy. On multinomial regression analysis, having a pregnancy interval of > 3years (aOR2.1, 95%CI 1.9–2.5, p < 0.001), artificial feeding after the first pregnancy (aOR1.8, 1.5–2.0, p < 0.001), postnatal depression after the first pregnancy (aOR1.6, 1.3–2.1, p < 0.001) and taking prescribed anxiolytics or antidepressants (aOR1.6, 1.1–2.5, p = 0.013) were predictors of gaining > 3 BMI units between pregnancies after adjusting for maternal occupation and age. The predictors of becoming obese in the second pregnancy also included a pregnancy interval of > 3years (aOR1.5, 1.2–1.8, p < 0.001), artificial feeding after the first pregnancy (aOR2.1, 1.8–2.6, p < 0.001), postnatal depression after the first pregnancy (aOR1.7, 1.2–2.3, p = 0.001) and taking prescribed anxiolytics or antidepressants (aOR1.8, 1.1–3.1, p = 0.016) following the same adjustments. Conclusion: Longer pregnancy interval, not breastfeeding and psychological health disorders are predictors of BMI increase between pregnancies and becoming obese in the second pregnancy. Interventions provided following women's first delivery should aim to promote breastfeeding, manage weight and improve mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]