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Background:Prior research has partially verified the significance of child temperament and styles of upbringing for schema intensity. However, there is still a lack of understanding of the inter-relations between them.Aim:The present study examined how temperament (stable and labile) and style of parenting (positive and negative) are related to each other, and to early maladaptive schemas.Method:Participants (395 healthy adults) completed the Young Schema Questionnaire YSQ-S3 and the Retrospective Assessment of Parents’ Attitudes and Formal Characteristic of Behaviour – Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI). Structural equation modelling was used to verify hypotheses.Results:Temperament and parental styles together explain more than 59% of the variance of schema intensity. The obtained path coefficients show one-way directions of inter-relations. Stable temperament connects to schemas directly with a negative path coefficient. Labile temperament shows a significant positive association with negative parental attitudes, but not directly with schemas. Negative parenting is positively connected with schemas. A positive style of parenting is not significantly connected with temperament and schemas.Conclusions:Results show evidence that negative style of parenting and labile temperament features are more important for schema developing and may be treated as risk factors. Because temperament seems to be a relatively persistent feature, it may play a similar role in adulthood, reinforcing emotions and feelings in the context of environment, and then maintain the schemas.

Background:Involuntary mental imagery is elevated among people with bipolar disorder, and has been shown to shape biases in interpretation of ambiguous information. However, it is not clear whether biases in interpretation of ambiguous scenarios can be observed in those at risk for bipolar disorder, or whether involuntary imagery is related to such a bias.Aims:In the present study, we extended a prominent model of bipolar cognition to an at-risk sample. We specifically tested whether positive interpretation bias and involuntary mental imagery are linked to a greater risk of bipolar disorder.Method:Young adults (N = 169) completed measures of risk for bipolar disorder (the Hypomanic Personality Scale [HPS]), interpretation bias, and involuntary mental imagery.Results:Higher scores on the HPS were significantly correlated with more positive interpretations of ambiguous scenarios (β = 0.29, p p < .01). There was no evidence of an interaction between interpretation bias and mental imagery in predicting HPS score, β = .04, p = .62.Conclusions:Further research is warranted to determine if intrusive imagery or interpretation bias influence the development of bipolar disorder over time in those at risk.

Self-related constructs feature prominently in cognitive models of both social anxiety and depression. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated the unique relationship between self-related constructs and social anxiety and depression, while also controlling for the association between the two variables. In the present study, 522 undergraduate students completed measures of maladaptive self-beliefs, self-esteem, self-criticism, self-focused attention, self-concept clarity, social comparison, and social anxiety and depression. Bivariate correlations demonstrated that self-related constructs not only significantly correlated with social anxiety but also with depression and other self-variables. When entered simultaneously, multiple regression analyses indicated that maladaptive self-beliefs were uniquely and positively associated with social anxiety and depression, while self-esteem and self-concept clarity were uniquely and negatively associated with social anxiety and depression. A unique positive association between private self-consciousness and depression was also found. Maladaptive self-beliefs and self-esteem were the constructs most strongly associated with social anxiety and depression respectively. These findings underscore the importance of a negative self-concept even in subclinical presentations and suggest that several key self-related constructs may represent transdiagnostic vulnerability factors linking social anxiety and depression. Future research should continue to uncover unique relationships between self-related variables and social anxiety and depression in both clinical and non-clinical samples.

Background:Research suggested that negative affective-laden sounds act as environmental stressors that elicit negative affect (Bradley and Lang, 2000a).Aims:We tried to test for the role of an interaction between predisposition to hallucinatory experiences and exposure to negative affective laden sounds for the presence of paranoid ideation.Method:We used an experimental design that followed the vulnerability × stress model. We defined three groups from a sample of students: paranoia group vs. social anxiety group vs. control group. Their psychological characteristics were measured through self-reports of paranoia, anxiety, predisposition to hallucinations and depressive symptoms at Time 1 (before the experiment). Participants had to listen to either negative affective laden sounds (e.g. screaming) or positive affective laden sounds (e.g. sound of ocean waves). Their paranoid ideation and positive vs. negative emotional reactions to sounds were measured through self-reports at Time 2 (after the experiment).Results:Data showed that the paranoia group presented more serious psychological vulnerabilities than the social anxiety group. A MANCOVA also showed that the independent variables (“group” and “experimental sound conditions”) had statistically significant main effects on general paranoia ideation at Time 2. Furthermore, there was a significant three-way interaction between group x predisposition to hallucinatory experiences × experimental condition of sounds for the presence of general paranoid ideation at Time 2. Limitations included the small sample size and the effects of parasite variables, e.g. noise.Conclusions:Individuals’ predisposition for hallucinatory experiences increases the probability of possessing paranoid ideation. This tendency is a characteristic of paranoid non-clinical individuals.

SummaryBritish mental health trusts are trying to organise and deliver services based on recovery principles. Psychiatrists are perceived to be either reluctant or opposed to adopting these principles, although there is some support for recovery-oriented practice. In this paper we highlight the recovery needs of psychiatrists and propose a framework of internalising recovery principles in order to develop recovery-conducive habits based on Stephen Covey's popular book The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.

Cognitive models of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) have been influential in understanding and treating the disorder in adults. Cognitive models may also be applicable to children and adolescents and would have important implications for treatment. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate research that examined the applicability of the cognitive model of OCD to children and adolescents. Inclusion criteria were set broadly but most studies identified included data regarding responsibility appraisals, thought-action fusion or meta-cognitive models of OCD in children or adolescents. Eleven studies were identified in a systematic literature search. Seven studies were with non clinical samples, and 10 studies were cross-sectional. Only one study did not support cognitive models of OCD in children and adolescents and this was with a clinical sample and was the only experimental study. Overall, the results strongly supported the applicability of cognitive models of OCD to children and young people. There were, however, clear gaps in the literature. Future research should include experimental studies, clinical groups, and should test which of the different models provide more explanatory power.

IntroductionThe prevalence of bipolar disorder (BD) is continuously increasing worldwide. Based on pathophysiological prospective, BD is related to the change in neural circuitry involved in the regulation of emotion. Since there is a cultural variation in emotion expression, it is expected that BD is subject to cultural differences. The literature suggests that the prevalence of BD is influenced by gender, region and ethnicity.ObjectivesExploring the pervasiveness of BD in the Arab cultures.Aims – exploring the pervasiveness of BD in six different but related Arab cultures;– examining the gender differences in BD in the Arab cultural context.MethodsThis study used 327 freshmen university students (42% males and 58% females) from six different Arab universities and administered the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). The validity and reliability of the MDQ was measured on 220 Qatari university students.ResultsThe results showed that BD was positively related to age and that males exhibited greater BD symptoms than females. The MDQ scores varied between the Arab subcultures. Sudanese subjects scored the highest on the MDQ, and therefore showed the highest numbers of BD characteristics, followed by Palestinians, Egyptians, Yemenis, Qataris, Jordanians and Tunisians. The Tunisians exhibited the lowest BD symptoms among six Arab cultures.ConclusionsThe findings suggested that it is arguable that BD is sensitive to cultural variations in the Arab world, with males showing a higher number of bipolar symptoms. It is arguable that BD is influenced by cultural openness and socioeconomic status.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionThe Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS) is a self-report 19-item scale preceded by five screening items. The BSS and its screening items are intended to assess a patient's thoughts, plans and intent to commit suicide. All 24 items are rated on a three-point scale (0 to 2). In this study, scores from the five screening items were included in the overall score. Therefore, total scores could range from 0 to 48.There is no study until this date that examines the factor structure of BSS among Kuwaitis.ObjectivesThe current study investigated the original three-factor model of the (BSS) in non-clinical sample.MethodsSample one consisted of 285 males and 300 female students from Kuwait University while sample two consisted of 201 males and 302 females from Kuwait University. The Arabic version of BSS was administered to participants. Explanatory factor based on sample 1 and conformity factor analysis based on sample 2 of BSS were used in this study.ResultsThe explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis of (BSS) extracts three factors and three structures of BSS. Factor I = active suicidal desire; Factor II = preparation; Factor III = passive suicidal desire. In addition, the results revealed no significant gender differences in the factor structure of BSS.ConclusionsThe results of both confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis indicated that the original three-factor model provided the best fit for the two genders.

IntroductionBelief inflexibility (BI) has been considered as a crucial factor for delusional conviction, but less is known about other dimensions of delusional beliefs. Question has been raised regarding the extent to which BI distinguishes delusions from strongly held (non-deluded) personally meaningful beliefs.ObjectivesWe examined the association between BI and major dimensions of delusional beliefs/non-clinical personally meaningful beliefs, and compared results from two BI measures (Maudsley assessment of delusions schedule [MADS] and bias against disconfirmatory evidence [BADE] task).MethodsIdiosyncratic delusional beliefs from 40 outpatients with non-affective psychosis and personally meaningful beliefs from 30 healthy controls were assessed in an interview. Belief dimensions (conviction, preoccupation, and distress) and BI were measured.ResultsCompared with controls, patients reported higher levels of distress and preoccupation but a comparable level of conviction (3.30/4 vs. 3.00/4, t(66.967) = 1.928. P = n.s.). Patients exhibited lower belief flexibility than controls on MADS but not on BADE. In patients, delusional conviction was associated with lower flexibility on a MADS item (“possibility of being mistaken”: t(38) = 4.808, P < 001) and the BADE evidence integration index (r = 0.463, P = 01). In healthy controls, belief conviction was associated with lower flexibility on a MADS item (“reaction to hypothetical contradiction”: t(27) = 3.345, P=.002). Two-way ANOVA revealed that the association between possibility of being mistaken and conviction was stronger in patients than controls (F(1) = 6.718, P = 012). In both groups, BI on either measure did not correlate with distress or preoccupation.ConclusionsBI was specifically associated with belief conviction. The association was significant for both groups, and was stronger in patients than controls.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Twenty participants self-referred from the general population as experiencing depersonalization were interviewed to determine the qualities of the experience and possible pathology. The participants and control group were also administered a battery of questionnaires measuring different aspects of psychopathology. There were no consistent diagnostic associations with depersonalization. In the majority of cases, onset was reported after a traumatic life event, or after sexual abuse or after giving birth. The most frequent experiences were related to derealization and participants did not score high on dissociation in general. The most common strategy to alleviate the problem was concentrating on a task. We distinguish between those clients who viewed the experience as a loss of or less than normal sensation, which we qualified as negative symptoms and others who evaluated the experience as an addition to their usual perceptions and sensations, which we qualified as positive symptoms.

Introduction A continuum perspective to understand persecutory delusions suggests that non-clinical persecutory ideations are at the mild end on the same spectrum of persecutory delusions. Based on clinical studies, reasoning biases such as 'jumping to conclusions' (JTC) style, attributional biases (AB), and Theory of Mind (ToM) deficit have been suggested as cognitive risk factors of persecutory delusions, with most robust evidence for JTC. Consistent with the continuum perspective, it is of interest whether these reasoning biases are risk factors of persecutory ideations in the non-clinical population as well. Objectives To examine the association between JTC, AB, ToM deficit, and persecutory ideations in non-clinical populations. Aims To test the following hypotheses: 1. JTC, AB, and ToM deficit will be found in individuals with non-clinical persecutory ideations. 2. Among the three biases, JTC will be more strongly associated with the severity of persecutory ideations in the non-clinical population. Methods Twenty studies from 2001 to 2013 analyzing the relationship between reasoning biases and severity of persecutory ideations in non-clinical populations were systematically reviewed. Results JTC, AB and ToM deficit were found in individuals with non-clinical persecutory thinking but at reduced levels of severity as compared to the clinical populations. A consistent association between JTC and non-clinical persecutory thinking was found across studies. However, studies of AB and ToM deficit yielded conflicting findings. Conclusions Current findings confirm the role of JTC in the pathogenesis of persecutory delusions, and support the development of early interventions targeting data-gathering for individuals at risk of developing persecutory delusions.

Background and aim Many psychotic and personality disorders of children are the result of deprivation of maternal care or lack of reliability of a child with the attached individual. Since attachment problems are one of the features of borderline personality disorder, this study aims at studying the relationship between attachment styles and symptoms of borderline personality disorder in non-clinical samples. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted as a survey and it was descriptive. Therefore, a sample of 300 individuals were randomly selected and tested. Participants responded to adult attachment styles and symptoms of borderline personality questionnaire. The data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance. Results The results revealed that people with avoidant attachment styles compared to those with secure attachment and ambivalent insecure attachment style got the highest score in borderline personality disorder symptoms. Discussion and Conclusion The results obtained in this study are somewhat consistent with this idea that environmental factors such as attachment styles have an important role in the development of borderline personality disorder also these findings are in accordance with with previous research in clinical samples and in line with the theory of attachment styles in borderline personality disorder are debatable.

Introduction Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS) is a self-report questionnaire designed to identify high risk and vulnerable subjects to bipolar disorders in non-clinical samples. Objectives To identify HPS factorial structure in a French non-clinical sample and to compare for different factors solutions described in the literature. Methods We carried out a survey within a student population with a French version of HPS. The factorial structure of HPS was tested first by a scree plot with simulation (using R “psy” library) in an Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) with promax rotation. Secondly the number of factor was fixed for a Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA) performed with AMOS. Results A total of 347 students (mean age 23 years, 80% of women) were included in PCA (incomplete questionnaires were not included). Scree Plot with simulation revealed a 5 factors solution which accounted for 33% of the total variance. We also tested the 3 and 4 factors solution to compare respectively with factors solution obtained by Rawling et al. (2000) and more recently by Schalet et al. (2011). Our 4 factors solution was identical to Rawling et al. (2000) but the 3 factors solution was different from Schalet et al. (2011). Goodness of fit indices showed that the 5 factors solution “fits” our data better compared to other factorial solutions. Conclusions French version of the HPS showed a factorial structure composed of 5 factors in a non-clinical student population. However, this result needs to be confirmed with a more important and representative sample.

Background Dental anxiety is very prevalent in population and it could be linked with dental problems. Objective Authors' objective was to analyze basic demographic characteristics of urban non clinical sample in order to find which of them is the most related to dental anxiety and to analyze anxiety and phobic reactions which are related to dental interventions. Method We have analyzed 401 individuals from the urban non clinical sample (44,1% women, mean age was 32 years, and 43,4% of parents with most prevalent secondary education). We have used dental Anxiety Scale and sociodemographic questionnaire. Results Almost all individuals (99%) has got dental visit and 70 of sample has dental visit in previous year. Most of sample (75,8%) indicate that they do non have any or have minimal dental anxiety, but 10,9% participants indicate that they have high dental anxiety and fear. Most of the sample does not avoid dental visits but 9,9% of sample avoid dental visit because of dental anxiety.

IntroductionRecurrent depression could be considered as a stumbling block for the individuals during their active period of life. Beside the global functionality, recurrent depression could affect negatively academic skills of depressed subjects that will result in considerable higher indirect costs of the disorder. Our main objective was to reveal the clinical and non clinical factors correlated with academic impairment in subjects with recurrent depression.Material and methodsWe performed a longitudinal retrospective study on 248 patients admitted in our Clinic for Recurrent depressive disorder during 2001 - 2005. Two control samples were done, one with Bipolar affective disorder (N=44) and other with Persistent delusional disorder (N=59).ResultsFrom 90 depressed subjects who were employed at the onset of psychiatric disorder, 56 (62.2%) became retired and another 6 (6.6%) became unemployed. Despite the treatability of recurrent depression the negative outcome on academic skills was similar to that occurring in both control groups that traditionally are considered as being more disabling. The clinical factors that concurred to the worsening of academic status were the more advancing age at the onset and actual moment of recurrent depression (p=0.006 and p=0.012 respectively), along with longer total duration of recurrent depression (p< 0.001), the absolute total number of depressive episodes and psychiatric hospitalizations (p=0.001).Conclusions and discussionsRecurrent depression has a significant negative outcome on academic skills. The disabling character of recurrent depression could be caused by its high chronicity along with high recurrent pattern of clinical evolution.

Introduction and aim:Based on emotional intelligence (EI) Theory it was expected that EI component differences would likely be obtained on variables including problem-solving, happiness, stress-tolerance, self-actualization, interpersonal relationship. So the purpose of the current study was compare the emotional intelligence (EI) components in suicidal patients and non-clinical samples.Method:A total of 60 participants took part in this study, including 30 patients (12 male, 18 femal) who had recently (in the past three days) attempted suicide, and 30 non-clinical participants. Sampling was arranged so that there were no significant differences among groups in age, education, gender or marital status. All participants completed the bar-on EI questionnaire (90 item version). the bar-on EI questionnaire can measure the ability to understand, interprete, and control ones emotions.Data were analyzed using t-test and Chi square formula.Results:Findings of the current study indicated significant differences among groups on the EI levels. the two groups were differentiated on problem-solving ( T=-2.316 df=58, p< .05 ), happiness ( T=-3.065 df=58, p< .05 ), stress-tolerance ( T=-2.011 df=58, p< .05 ), and self-actualization ( T=-2.579 df=58, p< .05 ).Conclusion:The results of the current study are congruent with the other researchs in this field. Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings, but the results imply that Ei education program may be relevant to reducing risk of suicidal behavior in young peoples.

The development in science and practice of cognitive therapy for psychological disorders has benefited from coherent models that specify the key cognitions that can be targeted in therapy. A scale is required to identify the cognitions that characterize bipolar affective disorder and that may influence the development of mania or hypomania. In this pilot study, 104 items were generated within five theory-driven categories: Self-activation, Response style, Other-positive, Other-negative, and Self-catastrophic. The mean score for all items, and for each category of items, was significantly elevated in a group of individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (n = 22) relative to a group of non-clinical controls (n = 22). An exploratory analysis revealed the items that were significantly elevated in the bipolar group. Theoretical and clinical implications, limitations and plans for future research are discussed.

SummaryEnterotoxin production by strainsof Staphylococcus aureusisolated from clinical specimens of human and animal origin and from healthy human carriers was investigated. All nine patients admitted to hospital with symptoms of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) yielded enterotoxin-producing strains ofS. aureus. Eight of these produced staphylococcal enterotoxin F (SEF). A significantly smaller proportion of strains (42% of 50 strains tested) isolated from other clinical specimens of hospitalized patients produced SEF. Production of SEF by strains isolated from clinical specimens of animal origin (48 strains) was not observed. Twenty-nine per cent of 24S. aureusstrains isolated from noses of hospital staff produced SEF. This result was not significantly different from that obtained from strains isolated from clinical specimens other than TSS. A similar percentage of strains isolated from healthy human carriers outside hospital produced SEF (25% of 24 strains tested).The results indicated that enterotoxin production, especially that of SEF. is associated withS. aureusisolated from patients suspected of TSS. There was no indication of an association betweenS. aureusisolated from other staphylococcal infections and SEF production.All strains were phage typed and 79%, of the strains belonging to the international phage-group I produced SEF. All strains lysed by phage 187 were found to produce SEF.