Search

The paper is a synthesis of the information collected so far on the origin and evolution of life on Earth. The life appearance and its evolution is correlated to matter evolution in univers: Big Bang, inorganic, organic, prebiotic, unicellular and multicellular stages. Concerning prebiotic stage in life evolution we present our theory based on syntone chemistry. Three syntones-methylene, nitrene and carbon monoxid carried by molecular nitrogen at law temperature could furnish the prebiotic bricks (sugars, lipids, proteins) at the contact to primary atmosphere components. Also, we think that these syntones could be considered as sources of great number of organic molecules. All organisms on Earth descend from a last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Two branches were derived from LUCA: one led to bacteria and the other to archaea and eukaryotes. The appearance of photosynthesis determined a transition from the oxygen-free atmosphere to the oxic atmosphere. Due to a series of endosymbioses, Eukaryotes emerged as organisms with nucleated cells and aerobic metabolism (which significantly increased the efficiency of cellular energy production). At about the same time appeared the first multicellular organisms. The paper also presents other important moments in the evolution of life on Earth, including the major biological crises in certain periods, resulting in the mass extinction of some groups of organisms. The evolution of the living world on Earth culminated with the emergence of man, the most complex being with language, superior thinking, emotions, creativity, etc.

The role of emotions in the tourist experience is becoming increasingly important in designing experiences to guarantee maximum involvement and satisfaction for tourists/customers. Previous literature has shown how atmosphere (e.g., visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile variables) may influence consumers’ satisfaction toward the proposed tourist experience. However, in some offers (e.g., theatrical performances, theme parks, outdoor experiences), such a relationship may be influenced by the role of “uncontrollable” variables, as for those variables related to the weather condition. Though an experimental research design based on a neuromarketing tool (face-coding), this paper is aimed to shed light on those variables in influencing consumers’ emotions, and thus their satisfaction regarding their experience. More specifically, the study has been conducted by testing a non-invasive emotional analysis tool able to associate in real-time the facial expressions of the participants with the emotions captured during the performance (e.g., as for disgust, fright, anger, boredom, neutral, surprise, happiness), as well as the emotional valence such as positivity or negativity of the emotion experienced. Results enlighten the role of tourism atmosphere in positively influencing consumers’ emotions, and thus their satisfaction also explaining the role of uncontrollable variable in magnifying such effect. Essential insights for marketers and managers in designing tourism experiences are discussed.

Spectroscopic methods have played an important role in the study of chemical and physical processes related to the composition of the atmosphere and the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) has been one of the most powerful methods to measure a wide range of trace gases. The pollutants are identified by their respective ranges of wavelengths that must be previously known. A Passive Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy system that uses the ultraviolet region from 400 to 480 nm of the solar radiation is presented. In this research diurnal variation of NO2 was remotely measured by means of MAX-DOAS system which uses multiple viewing angles to monitor pollutant concentrations in urban area at the city of Rio de Janeiro. The instrument was placed on the roof of a building oriented to the center of the city. Tropospheric NO2 amounts are retrieved from the measured spectra using the DOAS technique. In this paper we give a general description of the procedure and present the results from measurements during four days in winter 2017 associated with the prevailing meteorological aspects. These days were characterized by mostly sunny and dry conditions, no convection, periods of medium clouds and clear sky. The tropospheric NO2 slant column densities values are presented and the results are consistent for all three used elevation angles (5º, 10º, and 15º). The results demonstrate the capability and the potential of the MAX-DOAS technique to derive information on spatial distribution of NO2 in an urban environment.

Carbon emissions in the supply chain have been known to contribute significantly to environmental decay. These emissions are a result of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released during the burning of fossil fuels. The industry is a well-known emitter of these gases to the atmosphere. These gases end up trapping energy from the sun in the atmosphere. This has led to the governments of the world putting measures in place to minimize carbon emissions. In supply chain, during the manufacture, transportation and storage of a product a significant amount of these greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere. Research about supply chain with respect to carbon emissions has been going on for decades. This is the perfect time to review the literature of what has been studied up to so far and also identify the gaps in the literature. A systematic literature review approach is employed, initially. Content analysis was used to categorize existing literature on the various topics and methods over time in the area of carbon emissions in the supply chain. Triangulation research technique is also used to analyze the current literature on carbon emissions research study in the supply chain. Thereafter, a quantitative bibliometric analysis is conducted. Based on a rigorous screening process, 138 papers were selected for analysis. This review will lead to significant opportunities for future research in related areas.

Based on the basic working principle and heat transfer characteristics of gravity heat pipe in combination with the grain stack particle's stacking characteristics, this study changes the structure of traditional heat pipe to change the heat transfer mode between the grain stack and the gravity heat pipe so as to improve the grain's heat-dissipation rate and heat-dissipation efficiency. Generally, this system can satisfy the internal heat dissipation requirements of grain stack only under the action of a non-power fan driven by the air in the atmosphere and the temperature difference between inside and outside of the fan. When the internal temperature sensor of the grain stack detects that the internal temperature of the grain stack is high only under the action of the non-power fan, the pipeline booster fan will be started. At the same time, when the gas exchange occurs between the internal gas in grain stack and the external air, the dehumidification and drying of the grain stack can be realized through the gas drying device of the product. Through theory and simulation, this paper conducts a comparative analysis on the variation law of grain stack's temperatures under the action of gravity heat pipe and no gravity heat pipe so as to explore the heat-dissipation system's working efficiency of the new structure gravity heat pipe. The gravity heat pipe and the non-power fan in the system are all green products, which makes this design product have better heat-dissipation effect and less energy consumption.

This paper seeks to assess if there is any evidence that Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have caused global warming during 1969 to 1998. The choice of the period of study is driven by the historical fact that the accumulation of CFCs in the atmosphere increased during this phase and the global temperature also registered steady increases. By exploiting a data set on accumulated CFCs along with changes in the global temperature we bring two new insights to the literature on global warming and CFCs: first and foremost, we introduce an Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model to capture the long-term relationship between CFCs and global warming. By doing this we establish that a statistically significant long-run relationship exists between CFCs and global warming. Secondly, we also establish that the nature of this relationship is rather counter-intuitive: the growth in the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere, as our study finds, has reduced the increases in the global temperature during 1969 -1998. There is thus little empirical support that the CFCs are a source of global warming.

This paper is devoted to the use of an electrodynamical model for lithosphere – atmosphere – ionosphere (LAI) coupling to explain plasma and electromagnetic earthquake (EQ) precursors. Our consideration is based on the calculation results of electromagnetic perturbations and ionospheric irregularities accompanying the electric field and electric current occurring in the global atmosphere – ionosphere electric circuit. Our theoretical results are confirmed by satellite- and ground-based experimental data of plasma and electromagnetic perturbations obtained for several days before an EQ. It is shown that the growth of current in the global circuit might result in the AGW (acoustic gravity wave) instability in the ionosphere, the formation of field-aligned current and plasma irregularities, magnetic field ULF oscillations and electromagnetic ELF radiation, spectral broadening of VLF transmitter signals registered by satellites, depressions of ULF magnetic pulsations, VHF radio emissions generated in the troposphere and propagation of the signals of a VHF transmitter behind the horizon. Moreover, the generation of electric current in the global circuit is accompanied with the modification of D, E and F ionospheric layers. All of these phenomena are shown to be attributed just to a single cause; namely, the variation of conducting electric current in the global circuit by the injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere during seismic activity.

The daytime variation in CO 2 flux between the intertidal sediment and the atmosphere was great and impacted by environmental elements. This paper analyzed the daytime variation in CO 2 flux between the intertidal sediment and the atmosphere and concluded its different rules during the ebb tide and flood tide. During the ebb tide, the CO 2 flux rose as the tide ebbed and its rate of change was different when the redox potential changed (0.13umol m -2 s -1 per 100 cm height of the tide at Eh =500mv). During the flood tide, the CO 2 flux maintained the largest of the day and almost unchanged with the increase of water level. The average CO 2 flux in the flood tide increased with the increase of the redox potential at Eh =500mv. According to these rules, the daytime CO 2 flux can be calculated based on limited measurements well and truly. The fitting straight line equation between the estimated and measured CO 2 flux was y= 0.9353x+0.0872(R 2 = 0.75, P

Application of clear waters (Case 1) algorithm to satellite imagery acquired with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over turbid coastal waters (Case 2) often results in negative water-leaving radiances over extended areas. Also, the maximum reflectances for ocean color channels are significantly smaller than those for the land channels at similar wavelengths. Because of that, at the bright coastal waters area, ocean color channels (0.488, 0.531 and 0.551 µm) often saturate. The saturation of this channels contribute to the lost of geophysical and biological activities in the data. So, in order to overcome this circumstance, it is reasonable to use MODIS land and atmosphere channels (1 to 7) to derive an algorithm for the detections of turbid and shallow coastal waters area. In order to improve aerosol retrieving algorithm over the ocean, an algorithm to mask out the turbid coastal water area need to be developed. In this paper, a simple algorithm to identify and mask shallow coastal water and high amounts of suspended sediment area in the Gulf of Martaban using MODIS L1B image is suggested and demonstrated. This algorithm uses log10 ratio of two MODIS solar channels that was originally designed for remote sensing over land and cloud properties (band 3 and band 4) centered at 0.47 and 0.55 µm respectively. Shallow coastal water and the area with high amount of suspended sediment are detected by our algorithm have been masked. The result of this algorithm is then evaluated by comparing the masked area with the true color image of the scene.

The contribution of sediment and bottom reflectance in the MODIS imagery over bright coastal water contaminate visible and near infrared channels. This contribution leads to the saturation in the ocean color channels and error in the MODIS derived product over that areas. The saturation in the ocean color channels lead to no aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved by MODIS algorithm over very turbid areas. The sediment contributions will increase the reflectance in the visible and near infrared channel that is used in the MODIS aerosol algorithm. This area is then masked using sediment masking algorithm. In this paper, a simple method to estimate the AOD over bright coastal water with high sediment and bottom reflectance contributions is proposed. The first seven MODIS solar channels centered at 0.47, 0.55, 0.66, 0.86, 1.24, 1.64 and 2.13 µm, originally designed for remote sensing over land and cloud properties have been utilized in this study. The algorithm is based on the excess reflectance at 0.55, 0.66 and 0.87 µm wavelength using the power law model that can be associated to the presence of sediment. The excess value of the reflectance is discarded, to obtain the atmospheric contribution in the data. Aerosol contribution over bright coastal water areas is then compared with AOD of 0.869 µm using regression technique. This study shows that the AOD and aerosol retrieved are in high correlation with R is greater than 0.90. The AOD map from the applications of the algorithm were constructed and extrapolated for the saturated channels areas. The sample result of AOD map from several MODIS datasets acquired over the Gulf of Martaban is presented.

Developments of algorithm and computer graphics simulation are important to distinguish between aerosols and clouds in remote sensing data and images. The distribution of aerosols and clouds are needed to be known in order to study their interactions with one another and identify both affecting factors towards Earth’s climate stability. The objective of this paper is to expand the current work done in building new algorithm and simulation method to differentiate aerosols and clouds in spaceborne lidar data and images using image processing and computer graphics software, PCI Geomatica 10.1 and SCION Image. The new algorithm and simulation that has developed showed good results and clarify the vertical distribution of aerosols and clouds in the atmosphere. Plot profiles of clouds on both days showed higher pixel values than aerosol which are 255 compared to 234.04 and 244.11 for aerosols. Aerosols have been found consistently to have higher mean at altitude 0?5 km and 15?20 km on both days.