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The usage of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements provides many benefits as long as they are properly engineered into the various HMA mixes. Contractors, consultants, and Departments of Transportation have evaluated the performance of these various materials, although they are still only used in a limited number of areas. Alternatively, recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is recognized as a high value recycled material and is actually the most recycled material in North America. In Ontario, RAP is successfully used in most HMA. Related studies on HMA containing RAS and RAP are limited in Canada although recently studies and field trials on effectively using RAS in HMA in Ontario have been completed by the Centre of Pavement and Transportation Technology (CPATT) at University of Waterloo in partnership with Miller Paving Ltd and the Ontario Centre of Excellence. This paper presents key findings from a comprehensive laboratory investigation and analysis of six asphalt mixes with RAS and RAP in Ontario through dynamic modulus, resilient modulus, thermal stress restrained specimen, and flexural fatigue testing. Using RAS alone or combining with RAP makes the asphalt stiffer at high and low temperatures respectively. Lowering the low temperature performance grade of the asphalt binder by 6 °C and incorporating 3% RAS or less with RAP in HMA mix design can result in meeting the appropriate specification. While field testing of RAS pavements demonstrated that surface friction properties are in good condition in various environmental and loading conditions, the laboratory test results and field performances indicate that RAS can be a useful additive to asphalt mixes in Ontario hot mix pavement through reasonable mix design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fitness test for correctional officer applicants (FITCO) was constructed a priori to conform to requirements established by the Meiorin Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. A critical obligation from this decision is to determine whether the FITCO has the potential of adverse impact on any subpopulation of applicants and, if so, whether it is possible to provide accommodation. The FITCO pass rate was 28.6% for 56 women and 72.7% for 22 men, which indicates adverse impact on the female applicants. There was no specific adverse impact on minority applicants. To evaluate training as accommodation for adverse impact, a subgroup of 40 females and 8 males engaged in a 6-week FITCO-specific training program with pre-FITCO and post-FITCO performance evaluations. Over the 6 weeks, the overall FITCO pass rate of the females improved to 82.5%, whereas the pass rate of the males improved to 100%, indicating that the training program removed the adverse impact that the FITCO had on the females. We conclude that although the FITCO is likely to have an adverse impact on female correctional officer applicants, a 6-week FITCO-specific training program can provide the accommodation necessary to overcome the potential adverse impact, and the FITCO meets all the requirements established by the Supreme Court of Canada’s Meiorin Decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]