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Purpose: To observe the short-term dynamic change in serum CXC chemokine ligand-10 (CXCL10) levels in patients with Graves' disease (GD) before and after iodine therapy and to analyze the relationship between CXCL10 levels and clinical disease indices. Methods: ELISA was used to determine serum levels of CXCL10 in 43 patients with GD shortly before radioiodine therapy and on days six, 14, and 60, post-therapy. Results: Patients with newly diagnosed GD showed significantly higher levels of serum CXCL10 compared with the control group (P < 0.01). The serum CXCL10 level increased slightly on day six after treatment of radioactive iodine (P<0.01). There was no significant statistical difference in serum CXCL10 levels pre-treatment and on day 14 post-treatment. A significant reduction in serum CXCL10 level was observed on day 60 (P<0.01). GD patients with exophthalmia showed higher serum CXCL10 level than GD patients without exophthalmia. No correlation was found between levels of CXCL10 and FT3, FT4 or TSH at any time point, but significant positive correlation was shown between thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and CXCL10 (r=0.50, P<0.01). Conclusion: CXCL10 participates in the early inflammatory response after radioactive iodine therapy in patients with Graves' disease and shows a strong association with the autoimmune process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]