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Oligodendroglial tumors are primary tumors of the central nervous system that largely affect adults. The cell of origin is undefined, but the tumors display many features reminiscent of oligodendrocytes or oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Here, we briefly recapitulate the history of oligodendroglial tumor research, discuss the current knowledge concerning the biology of oligodendroglial tumors, and thoroughly review the various mouse models that have been used and that are currently in use to study oligodendroglial tumor development.