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Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

The edge region of two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskites exhibits anomalous properties from the bulk region, including low energy emission and superior capability of dissociating exciton, which is highly beneficial for the optoelectronic devices like solar cells and photodetectors, denoted as "edge states". In this review, we introduce the recent progress on the edge states that have been focused on the origin and the optoelectronic properties of edge states in 2D RP perovskites. By providing theoretical frameworks and experimental observations, we elucidate the origin of the edge states from two aspects, intrinsic electronic properties and extrinsic structure distortions. Besides, we introduce the physical properties of the edge states and current debating on this topic. Finally, we present an outlook on future research about the edge states of 2D RP perovskites., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

The large-scale application of economically efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is limited in view of the high cost of polymer binders (Nafion) for immobilizing of powder catalysts. In this work, nitrogen-doped molybdenum carbide nanobelts (N-Mo 2 C NBs) with porous structure are synthesized through a direct pyrolysis process using the pre-prepared molybdenum oxide nanobelts (MoO 3 NBs). Nanocellulose instead of Nafion-bonded N-Mo 2 C NBs (N-Mo 2 C@NCs) exhibits superior performance toward HER, because of excellent dispersibility and multiple exposed catalytically active sites. Furthermore, the conductive film composed of N-Mo 2 C NBs, graphene nanosheets, and nanocellulose (N-Mo 2 C/G@NCs) is fabricated by simple vacuum filtration, as flexible and editable electrode, which possesses excellent performance for scale HER applications. This work not only proposes the potential of nanocellulose to replace Nafion for binding powder catalysts, but also offers a facile strategy to prepare flexible and conductive films for a wide variety of nanomaterials., (Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A heterogeneous mixture of lipids called oxPAPC, derived from dying cells, can hyperactivate dendritic cells (DCs) but not macrophages. Hyperactive DCs are defined by their ability to release interleukin-1 (IL-1) while maintaining cell viability, endowing these cells with potent aptitude to stimulate adaptive immunity. Herein, we found that the bacterial lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 captured extracellular oxPAPC and delivered these lipids into the cell to promote inflammasome-dependent DC hyperactivation. Notably, we identified two specific components within the oxPAPC mixture that hyperactivated macrophages, allowing these cells to release IL-1 for several days, by a CD14-dependent process. In murine models of sepsis, conditions that promoted cell hyperactivation resulted in inflammation but not lethality. Thus, multiple phagocytes are capable of hyperactivation in response to oxPAPC, with CD14 acting as the earliest regulator in this process, serving to capture and transport these lipids to promote inflammatory cell fate decisions., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) is the Xyl donor used in the synthesis of major plant cell-wall polysaccharides such as xylan (as a backbone-chain monosaccharide) and xyloglucan (as a branching monosaccharide). The biosynthesis of UDP-Xyl from UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) is irreversibly catalyzed by UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS). Until now, little has been known about the physiological roles of UXS in plants. Here, we report that AtUXS1, AtUXS2, and AtUXS4 are located in the Golgi apparatus whereas AtUXS3, AtUXS5, and AtUXS6 are located in the cytosol. Although all six single AtUXS T-DNA mutants and the uxs1 usx2 uxs4 triple mutant show no obvious phenotype, the uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 triple mutant has an irregular xylem phenotype. Monosaccharide analysis showed that Xyl levels decreased in uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 and linkage analysis confirmed that the xylan content in uxs3 xus5 uxs6 declined, indicating that UDP-Xyl from cytosol AtUXS participates in xylan synthesis. Gel-permeation chromatography showed that the molecular weight of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in the triple mutants, mainly composed of xylans, is lower than that in the wild type, suggesting an effect on the elongation of the xylan backbone. Upon saccharification treatment stems of the uxs3 uxs5 uxs6 triple mutants released monosaccharides with a higher efficiency than those of the wild type. Taken together, our results indicate that the cytosol UXS plays a more important role than the Golgi-localized UXS in xylan biosynthesis., (Copyright © 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Fixed spherical human red blood cells suspended in 17% sucrose were allowed to adhere on either clean glass surfaces or glass surfaces preincubated with antibodies specific to a certain blood group antigen. The adhesion experiments were performed in an impinging jet apparatus, in which the cells are subjected to stagnation point flow. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiencies of nonspecific and specific (antigen-antibody mediated) adhesion of red blood cells on glass surfaces. The efficiency was defined as the ratio of the experimental adhesion rate to that calculated based on numerical solutions of the mass transfer equation, taking into account hydrodynamic interactions as well as colloidal forces. The efficiency for nonspecific adhesion was nearly unity at flow rates lower than 85 microliter/s (corresponding to a wall shear rate, Gw, of 30 s-1 at a radial distance of 110 microns from the stagnation point). The values of efficiency dropped at higher flow rates, due to an increase in the tangential force. The critical deposition concentration is found to occur at 120-150 mM NaCl, which is consistent with the theoretically predicted values. At low salt concentrations, the experimental values are higher than the theoretical ones. Similar discrepancies have been found in many colloidal systems. Introducing steric repulsion by adsorbing a layer of albumin molecules on the glass completely prevents nonspecific adhesion at flow rates below 60 microliter/s (Gw congruent to 15 s-1). The efficiency of specific adhesion depends both on the concentration of antibody molecules on the surface and the flow rate. Normal red cells adhere more readily through antigen-antibody bonds than fixed cells. Fixed spherical cells have a higher adhesion efficiency than fixed biconcave ones.