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Over the last decades, it has been reported that the habitat of the Southern Ocean (SO) key species Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) has contracted to high latitudes, putatively due to reduced winter sea ice coverage, while salps as Salpa thompsoni have extended their dispersal to the former krill habitats. To date, the potential implications of this population shift on the biogeochemical cycling of the limiting micronutrient iron (Fe) and its bioavailability to SO phytoplankton has never been tested. Based on uptake of fecal pellet (FP)-released Fe by SO phytoplankton, this study highlights how efficiently krill and salps recycle Fe. To test this, we collected FPs of natural populations of salps and krill, added them to the same SO phytoplankton community, and measured the community's Fe uptake rates. Our results reveal that both FP additions yielded similar dissolved iron concentrations in the seawater. Per FP carbon added to the seawater, 4.8 ± 1.5 times more Fe was taken up by the same phytoplankton community from salp FP than from krill FP, suggesting that salp FP increased the Fe bioavailability, possibly through the release of ligands. With respect to the ongoing shift from krill to salps, the potential for carbon fixation of the Fe-limited SO could be strengthened in the future, representing a negative feedback to climate change. • Salps recycle iron in a more bioavailable form than krill • Per mol fecal pellet carbon, salps release more iron than krill • Possibly, salps increase the carbon fixation potential of the Southern Ocean Böckmann et al. show that salp fecal pellets release more iron than krill fecal pellets. Additionally, the iron recycled from salp fecal pellets is more bioavailable to Southern Ocean phytoplankton than iron recycled from krill fecal pellets. Increasing salp populations might increase the carbon fixation potential of the Southern Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]