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Two recent papers published in Cell highlight the power of both top-down and bottom-up approaches to understanding the gut microbiome. The first uses ultra-deep sequencing to identify patterns across a gradient of human industrialization, while the second uses synthetic communities to determine how strain interactions impact microbiome structure and function., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Human guts are colonized at birth by a limited set of microbes that gradually increases in diversity throughout infancy. A new study reports the opposite pattern in infant chimpanzees, raising questions about how host-microbiota relationships have changed during ape evolution., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)