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Purpose – This study analyzes the relationship between maqasid sharia and the stability of Islamic banks in Indonesia. Methodology – This study uses annual balanced panel data of eight Islamic banks in Indonesia from to 2010-2020 and utilizes a random effects model (REM) approach with the generalized least squares (GLS) method. The dependent variable is the Z-score as a proxy for bank stability, and the independent variables are bank size, the maqasid index (MI), capital adequacy ratio (CAR), gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, and interest rate. Findings – This research reveals that the stability of Islamic banking in Indonesia decreased over the study period, whereas maqasid performance increased. Furthermore, this study shows that the maqasid index and GDP negatively influence the Z-score, while bank size and CAR have a positive influence. We found no influence of inflation or the interest rate on the Z-score. The negative impact of the Maqasid index denotes poor management and financing quality, which is linked to the slanted achievement of the three Maqasid objectives (education, justice, and maslahah) during the study period. Implications – Policymakers, industry, and academics can use the research findings as recommendations to strengthen the stability of Islamic banks and their role in promoting welfare. Originality – This study employs the maqasid index as a proxy for Islamic bank performance to analyze its influence on bank stability.

Purpose – This study examines the influence of the Shariah supervisory board (SSB) and Islamic banks’ characteristics on tax avoidance practices in Indonesia. Methodology – This research uses secondary data using the panel data analysis method fixed effects model; the research sample is an Islamic bank in Indonesia from 2017 to 2021. Findings – The results indicate that SSB size, SSB reputation, and bank size have a positive effect on tax avoidance. The variables across SSB members, SSB education level, bank age, and bank profitability have a negative effect. Meanwhile, the SSB expertise variable, SSB remuneration, and turnover do not affect tax avoidance. Implications – Islamic banks play an essential role in social welfare to align with tax contributions in developing countries. Therefore, tax regulators and Islamic banks must collaborate to review the treatment of expenses according to tax regulations. Originality – This study fills a research gap by investigating the relationship between SSB characteristics and tax avoidance in Indonesian Islamic banks, which has yet to be discussed in previous papers.

Purpose – This study examines the influence of the Shariah supervisory board (SSB) and Islamic banks’ characteristics on tax avoidance practices in Indonesia. Methodology – This research uses secondary data using the panel data analysis method fixed effects model; the research sample is an Islamic bank in Indonesia from 2017 to 2021. Findings – The results indicate that SSB size, SSB reputation, and bank size have a positive effect on tax avoidance. The variables across SSB members, SSB education level, bank age, and bank profitability have a negative effect. Meanwhile, the SSB expertise variable, SSB remuneration, and turnover do not affect tax avoidance. Implications – Islamic banks play an essential role in social welfare to align with tax contributions in developing countries. Therefore, tax regulators and Islamic banks must collaborate to review the treatment of expenses according to tax regulations. Originality – This study fills a research gap by investigating the relationship between SSB characteristics and tax avoidance in Indonesian Islamic banks, which has yet to be discussed in previous papers.

Purpose – The study aims to determine whether Islamic banks' debt financing and equity financing are procyclical or counter-cyclical. Methodology – The data used in this study cover eight Islamic commercial banks and span from 2008 to 2020, thereby including 72 observations. The analysis employs the dynamic panel data model estimated using the GMM method (Generalized Method of Moments). Findings –The debt-based financing, under murabahah, salam, istishna, and ijarah contracts, did not display clear procyclical or counter-cyclical behavior. In contrast, equity financing based on mudharabah and musyarakah contracts demonstrated procyclical characteristics concerning economic fluctuation. Implications – Policymakers need to pay more attention to Islamic banks with a greater proportion of equity financing for both micro and macroprudential policy purposes since procyclicality is likely to be associated with higher risks. Similarly, Islamic banks with greater proportion of equity financing need to watch carefully the behavior of their equity financing concerning its effect on risks for the purpose of their risk management and prudential policy. Originality – This research paper fills in the absence of studies that examine which category of Islamic bank financing – debt-based or equity-based financing - is more procyclical.

Purpose – The study aims to determine whether Islamic banks' debt financing and equity financing are procyclical or counter-cyclical. Methodology – The data used in this study cover eight Islamic commercial banks and span from 2008 to 2020, thereby including 72 observations. The analysis employs the dynamic panel data model estimated using the GMM method (Generalized Method of Moments). Findings –The debt-based financing, under murabahah, salam, istishna, and ijarah contracts, did not display clear procyclical or counter-cyclical behavior. In contrast, equity financing based on mudharabah and musyarakah contracts demonstrated procyclical characteristics concerning economic fluctuation. Implications – Policymakers need to pay more attention to Islamic banks with a greater proportion of equity financing for both micro and macroprudential policy purposes since procyclicality is likely to be associated with higher risks. Similarly, Islamic banks with greater proportion of equity financing need to watch carefully the behavior of their equity financing concerning its effect on risks for the purpose of their risk management and prudential policy. Originality – This research paper fills in the absence of studies that examine which category of Islamic bank financing – debt-based or equity-based financing - is more procyclical.

Purpose – The study aims to determine whether Islamic banks' debt financing and equity financing are procyclical or counter-cyclical. Methodology – The data used in this study cover eight Islamic commercial banks and span from 2008 to 2020, thereby including 72 observations. The analysis employs the dynamic panel data model estimated using the GMM method (Generalized Method of Moments). Findings –The debt-based financing, under murabahah, salam, istishna, and ijarah contracts, did not display clear procyclical or counter-cyclical behavior. In contrast, equity financing based on mudharabah and musyarakah contracts demonstrated procyclical characteristics concerning economic fluctuation. Implications – Policymakers need to pay more attention to Islamic banks with a greater proportion of equity financing for both micro and macroprudential policy purposes since procyclicality is likely to be associated with higher risks. Similarly, Islamic banks with greater proportion of equity financing need to watch carefully the behavior of their equity financing concerning its effect on risks for the purpose of their risk management and prudential policy. Originality – This research paper fills in the absence of studies that examine which category of Islamic bank financing – debt-based or equity-based financing - is more procyclical.

Purpose – This study aims to measure and analyze the mediating role of e-satisfaction on the effect of e-service quality on e-loyalty of the customers of Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Methodology – This study gathered the primary data by distributing questionnaires to a number of 200 BSI customers that were selected as the respondents of the study using a purposive sampling technique. A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) technique is used to test the four proposed hypotheses. Findings – The study recorded that e-service quality has positively affected the e-satisfaction and e-loyalty of the BSI customers, respectively. E-satisfaction enjoyed by banking customers has enhanced their e-loyalty. In addition, the study documented that e-satisfaction has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between e-service quality and the BSI customers’ e-loyalty. Implications – The findings of the study suggest that to promote the customers’ e-loyalty, the BSI management should focus on improving customers’ e-satisfaction by strengthening e-service quality. Originality – This study explored the mediating role of e-satisfaction on the effect of e-service quality on e-loyalty, focusing on the users of e-banking facilities of the largest Islamic banking institution in Indonesia. Therefore, this study provides significant guidelines for the Islamic banks in maintaining and enhancing e-loyalty of customers through improving their customer satisfaction by providing a high quality of services digitally nationwide.

Purpose – This paper investigates Sharia concerns on existing bank resolution framework and propose recommendations on how to resolve those concerns in Sharia-compliant manners. It also assesses compatibility of resolution powers mandated by the FSB’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions if applied to resolve failed Islamic bank, especially focusing on operational aspect of executing the resolution options. Methodology – We conduct a series of focus group discussion with various relevant stakeholders, including Indonesian Sharia scholars, regulators, professional associations, Islamic bankers and academics. The discussions were performed in group interviews format, with the authors took part as moderators. The discussions took place between July 2020 to January 2021, and were part of development of fatwa and regulations on the resolution for Islamic banks. Findings – In general, the existing bank resolution framework can be applied to Islamic banks. However, there are some resolution powers of the authority that possesses inherent sharia issues, but are still allowed according to Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN) (the National Sharia Council). There should be clear measures attached to those powers prior to implementation. For some aspects, some adjustments to the resolution powers are also needed through establishment of infrastructures and regulations, particularly with regards to resolution options. Originality – The novelty of this study is the analysis of suitability of banking resolution issues from Sharia perspective. This paper also serves to enhance awareness on issues related to resolution of Islamic banks and promote wider implementation of Sharia approaches for bank resolution in other jurisdictions.

Purpose – This paper investigates Sharia concerns on existing bank resolution framework and propose recommendations on how to resolve those concerns in Sharia-compliant manners. It also assesses compatibility of resolution powers mandated by the FSB’s Key Attributes of Effective Resolution Regimes for Financial Institutions if applied to resolve failed Islamic bank, especially focusing on operational aspect of executing the resolution options. Methodology – We conduct a series of focus group discussion with various relevant stakeholders, including Indonesian Sharia scholars, regulators, professional associations, Islamic bankers and academics. The discussions were performed in group interviews format, with the authors took part as moderators. The discussions took place between July 2020 to January 2021, and were part of development of fatwa and regulations on the resolution for Islamic banks. Findings – In general, the existing bank resolution framework can be applied to Islamic banks. However, there are some resolution powers of the authority that possesses inherent sharia issues, but are still allowed according to Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN) (the National Sharia Council). There should be clear measures attached to those powers prior to implementation. For some aspects, some adjustments to the resolution powers are also needed through establishment of infrastructures and regulations, particularly with regards to resolution options. Originality – The novelty of this study is the analysis of suitability of banking resolution issues from Sharia perspective. This paper also serves to enhance awareness on issues related to resolution of Islamic banks and promote wider implementation of Sharia approaches for bank resolution in other jurisdictions.

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the effect of financial depth in Islamic banks on income inequality in 33 provinces in Indonesia. Methodology – We use data for the period 2010-2018 from 33 provinces in Indonesia which are estimated using panel data to develop spatial panel data model. The dependent variable is income inequality, while the variable independent are Islamic regional financial depth, economic growth, human capital, and government expenditure. Findings – This research finds that Islamic Regional Financial Depth (FDS) has a positive and statistically significant direct effect on income inequality represented by Gini index. It means that an increase in the FDS will also cause an increase in the level of Gini index. In addition, the indirect effect of FDS on income inequality is also positive and significant, indicating that the ratio of financing to GRDP has a spillover effect on connected regions. Implications – This research recommends policymaker to expand the business of Islamic banking by financing the small medium enterprises and concern on the promotion of Islamic banking in the regional level. Originality – This study is potentially to contribute and be the early work which employs spatial analysis in the area of Islamic economics and finance. In addition, this study examines the impact of financial depth in Islamic bank on income inequality which is rarely discussed. Hence, this study presents relatively new information for policy makers, practitioners and researchers.

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the effect of financial depth in Islamic banks on income inequality in 33 provinces in Indonesia. Methodology – We use data for the period 2010-2018 from 33 provinces in Indonesia which are estimated using panel data to develop spatial panel data model. The dependent variable is income inequality, while the variable independent are Islamic regional financial depth, economic growth, human capital, and government expenditure. Findings – This research finds that Islamic Regional Financial Depth (FDS) has a positive and statistically significant direct effect on income inequality represented by Gini index. It means that an increase in the FDS will also cause an increase in the level of Gini index. In addition, the indirect effect of FDS on income inequality is also positive and significant, indicating that the ratio of financing to GRDP has a spillover effect on connected regions. Implications – This research recommends policymaker to expand the business of Islamic banking by financing the small medium enterprises and concern on the promotion of Islamic banking in the regional level. Originality – This study is potentially to contribute and be the early work which employs spatial analysis in the area of Islamic economics and finance. In addition, this study examines the impact of financial depth in Islamic bank on income inequality which is rarely discussed. Hence, this study presents relatively new information for policy makers, practitioners and researchers.

Purpose – This study aims to analyze the non-performance financing determinant of Islamic Banking (IB) in Indonesia through spatial analysis. These determinants consist of macroeconomic and microeconomic variables Methodology – Samples in this research were selected using the purposive sampling technique with the criteria of Islamic banks registered in the Financial Services Authority (OJK) that released quarterly data reports and financial reports during 2015-2020. There are 7 Islamic banks that met the criteria. Findings – Results showed that the ROA, Inflation, GDP, and BI Rate simultaneously affected the NPF level, while FDR and CAR do not affect the NPF level of Islamic commercial banks. Meanwhile, partially FDR, BOPO, CAR, ROA, Inflation, GDP, and BI Rate affect the NPF level. In addition, the spatial analysis showed that based on the global distribution, there is a significant spatial effect through the geographical location between one bank and other. Originality – This research provides empirical data related to the determinants of non-performing financing, using the spatial analysis approach. Moreover, this research also uses the most updated data, Islamic and conventional banks during 2015-2020 Research limitations – Related to the samples of Islamic banks, this research only investigates those registered in OJK, not all Islamic banks in Indonesia.