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Introduction: Major depressive disorder in diabetic individuals represents a multifactorial phenomenon resulting from interactions between biological and psychosocial factors, which may intensify the probability of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in otherwise healthy individuals. Case Summary: A case of T2DM is reported in a 38-year-old woman suffering from major depressive disorder who was treated successfully with individualised homoeopathic medicines. The patient reported to the Lifestyle Disorders clinic of Homoeopathic Hospital, Noida, with recently diagnosed diabetes of 8 months. After individualised homoeopathic treatment, the patient's fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, HbA1c levels, fasting plasma insulin and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score were reduced within 6 months. The findings in this case report are encouraging and provide evidence in supporting the effectiveness of individualised Homoeopathy in reducing hyperglycaemia in a patient with major depressive disorder.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders among women of reproductive age group and a leading cause of female sub-fertility. Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of individualised homoeopathy on clinical and hormonal profile in women suffering from PCOS. Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted from July 2015 to June 2017 at Homoeopathic Research Foundation, Lucknow, in which 80 cases were screened, and 38 cases fulfilling the eligibility criteria were enrolled. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (PCOSQ) was used to evaluate the quality of life. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone, progesterone, prolactin, estrogen, testosterone and insulin were tested at the baseline and 12 months of treatment. Eighteen patients completed the follow-up of 12 months. The analysis was done with 'modified Intention to Treat' approach. Results: The comparison of PCOSQ from baseline to 12 months in 34 patients using the paired t-test showed significant improvement in the overall PCOSQ of the patients (mean increase ± standard error: −2.3 ± 0.5; 95% confidence interval CI: -3.2 to -1.3 P = 0.001). The number of cysts in both ovaries reduced with a statistically significant difference. There was a mean reduction of two cysts on each side of the ovary. The most prescribed medicines were Calcarea carbonica (38.24%) and Lycopodium. (26.47%) accounting to 64.71% of the total medicines. Conclusion: The present study gives positive leads in the management of PCOS with Homoeopathic medicines. Controlled trials are further warranted.

Introduction: Ranula is a soft translucent swelling that occurs in the floor of the mouth usually causing mild discomfort to the patient. Conventional therapeutic modalities range from the injection of sclerosing agents to various surgical techniques. Only a few documented cases with non-surgical management are available on literature search, as surgery is considered to be the mainstay for this clinical condition. Case Summary: This is a case of a female child with a painless, cystic swelling in the right side of the floor of the mouth of 3-month duration and another smaller painless cystic swelling on the inner side of the right lower lip. Clinical diagnosis reveals the cystic mass in the floor of the mouth as a simple ranula. After individualising the case, homoeopathic medicine Ambra grisea 30 was prescribed, and within 2–3 months, ranula obliterated. The other smaller cystic swelling also disappeared simultaneously.

Introduction: Hyperuricaemia is serum urate concentration exceeding the limit of solubility, leading to its precipitation and predisposing the affected persons to gout. The increased level of uric acid in urinary excretion can also lead to nephrolithiasis. It has also been implicated as an indicator for diseases such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease. Whereas homoeopathic literature enlists many medicines for this condition, there is a paucity of evidence-based published studies. Case Summary: The case presented here reported with the complaint of renal stone secondary to high serum uric acid levels. A single homoeopathic medicine Lycopodium was prescribed after thorough case taking which led to improvement in subjective symptoms and objectively reflecting in gradually decreasing levels of serum uric acid after elimination of stone. During the course of treatment, old symptoms also re-appeared depicting improvement in accordance with Hering's law of cure. The Modified Naranjo Criteria score after treatment was 8, which explicitly shows the positive causal attribution of the individualised homoeopathic medicine Lycopodium in this case. Homoeopathic treatment has shown favourable results in this case and demonstrates the scope of Homoeopathy in such cases.

Introduction: Renal or ureteric colic is an acute and severe pain caused by obstruction in the ureter. It usually occurs in the narrower areas of the ureter. It can be associated with severe pain, nausea, vomiting, urinary infections, haematuria, hydronephrosis, etc. Case Summary: A case of 15-mm calculus, lodged at the right ureterovesicular junction, presented with severe cutting pain extending downwards from the right lumbar region to the right groin area. The patient had severe pain at the conclusion of urination. Another calculus of size 10 mm in the lower calyx of the left kidney and 3.4-mm concretion in the right kidney was also detected. The homoeopathic medicine Sarsaparilla was given on the basis of totality of symptoms for 3 days. The pain reduced in 3 days and subsequent to an acute colicky pain and some bleeding, on the 11th day, the stone was expelled. This case report shows the potential of Homoeopathy in cases of large urinary calculi.

Background: Rumex acetosella, a relatively new drug in the homoeopathic system, is traditionally used for treating inflammation, diabetes and gastrointestinal problems, especially diarrhoea. Objective: The aim of this work is to report physicochemical standardisation of the homoeopathic drug, Rumex acetosella. Further, we propose our simple and economical method to differentiate it with a closely related species, Rumex crispus. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical study measuring several parameters was done. The pH of the mother tincture (MT) and the water extract was measured and compared. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the Rumex acetosella MT were compared with taxonomically closely related Rumex crispus MT by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results: The results show a strong relationship between the extracting solvent's polarity and its extracting power. A simple TLC study shows a strong correlation between two drugs of the same genus, Rumex, but they can be differentiated by their unique spots. Conclusion: Our study not only provides the physicochemical standards for the drug Rumex acetosella but also shows that a simple analytical technique, a manual TLC can easily be used to distinguish two taxonomically close homoeopathic drugs.

Introduction: Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic, benign neurodermatitis. The exact cause is unknown. In majority, cases of PN do not have a complete resolution of the nodules even with treatment. Case Summary: Here, a diagnosed case of PN of an 18 year old female with a history of 1 year old eczematous lesion is presented. On the basis of the totality of symptoms, homoeopathic medicine Natrium muriaticum was prescribed and gradually the patient showed stable improvement in the domain of signs and symptoms and reached remission by the end of 4 months. There was no recurrence over the next 1 year. This case report evidently suggests that Homoeopathy can serve as a possible treatment option for the management of PN cases.

Introduction: Subglottic stenosis is a narrowing of the airway just below the vocal cords. This narrowing can cause serious breathing difficulties. Subglottic stenosis can be congenital or acquired. Frequent or long-term intubation is the most common cause of acquired subglottic stenosis. Case Summary: In this case report, adjuvant homoeopathic treatment helped prevent tracheal stent implantation surgery, otherwise deemed necessary in such a state and improved the overall general state. This case report gives ground to further investigate the extent to which individualised Homoeopathy may be applied in postintubation subglottic stenosis.

India reported its first positive case of COVID-19 on 30th January 2020. The alerts, the checks and the quarantines soon followed. As of 28th April 2020, India had crossed the 20,000 mark of positive cases and seen over 900 deaths. The nation is adapting and preparing fast for this rapidly spreading COVID outbreak, and new advisories superseding the previous ones as per the evolving needs are being issued by the concerned authorities on almost daily or weekly basis. The unprecedented spread of this pandemic was unforeseen, and therefore, many nations, including India, were caught off guard, and understandably so. The preparedness, policies for emergency measures in health delivery, and laws related to curfews and lockdowns had to be brought into action without much time for anticipatory planning. However, among all these arrangements, and preparedness of our nation toward the outbreak of COVID-19, the role of AYUSH has so far been minimal. The situation, however, is opening up, of late, with latest advisories and notifications roping in AYUSH professionals and students as COVID warriors for providing health support, as also for taking up evidence-based trials in selected COVID-positive cases, after due ethical and official approvals. The article reflects on why enabling the use of Homoeopathy in India's preparedness for pandemic/epidemic situations like COVID-19 is important and how this can be achieved.

Introduction: Urticaria is a kind of skin complaint with red, raised and itchy bumps. Urticaria frequently occurs after an infection or as a result of an allergic response to some medication, insect bites or food. Psychological stress, exposure to cold or vibration may also trigger urticaria. Urticaria occurs with a lifetime prevalence of around 20%. In around 30% patients of urticaria, attacks often recur for months or years. Cases summary: This is a case series of five patients suffering from chronic urticaria having erythematous lesions, intense itching, redness and swelling treated at the Dermatology outpatient department of Dr D. P. Rastogi Central Research Institute for Homoeopathy, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. The patients were prescribed indicated constitutional Homoeopathic medicines. Changes in haematological and serological tests, Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile 2 and Urticaria Activity Score summed over 7 days at baseline and at the end of treatment showed reasonable improvement in disease as well as in the quality of life. Homoeopathic medicines such as Apis mellifica, Calcarea carbonica, Rumex crispus, Pulsatilla and Histamine were found useful.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is rapidly spreading across the globe and is creating dread among all people irrespective of their socioeconomic status. To tackle the rapid spread of the disease, social distancing has been found to be the only measure. However, such distancing creates a lot of mental stress, as evident from previous studies. Objectives: The objective of the study was to assess the psychological implications during quarantine and isolation and to find the homoeopathic remedies that may be suitable. Methods: We have tried to collect the mental symptoms from the available literature and from the recent studies in China on COVID-19. Based on these, repertorisation outcome was analysed to evolve a group of medicines that can be used in the scenario. Results: Based upon the symptoms collected from the previous studies, repertorisation outcome [Figure 1] was analysed to evolve a group medicine which can be used in the scenario. The medicines Arsenic album, Calcarea carbonica, Lachesis, Ignatia andPulsatilla obtained the highest marks in the analysis. The symptoms of these medicines were collected after referring the Hering's Guiding Symptoms of Materia Medica[31] and Desktop Guide to Keynotes and Confirmatory Symptoms by Roger Morrison[32] and are presented in the paper. Conclusion: We hope that these medicines will prove to be beneficial for prescription to those suffering from the psychological impacts of COVID-19.

Background and Objectives: While the world is grappling with the current pandemic of COVID-19, medical fraternity and policy makers are still trying to find ways to control its spread in the absence of any definite treatment protocol. The escalating medical costs of infrastructural requirements in health care as well as development of vaccine are but a few challenges being faced. Alternative approaches to handle the situation require to be explored. This article reviews the role homoeopathy has played in controlling epidemics afflicting the mankind in the past while summarizing the scope of this approach in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A literature search was conducted using various bibliographic databases like PubMed etc, google search engines to collect all relevant research and review articles, reports, archived texts, you tube recordings, webpages etc. in English language published uptil March 2020. Results: Scientific evidence in various epidemics clearly showcase that Homoeopathy can be used both therapeutically and /or as prophylactic with success using approaches like Genus epidemicus, nosodes etc. Its greatest successes have been recorded in the prevention & treatment of flu like illnesses. Conclusion: Homoeopathy has stood the test of time over centuries as a notable approach in controlling morbidity as well as mortality in epidemics. Administration of the homoeopathic “Genus epidemicus” as a prophylactic for general public or adjuvant homoeopathic treatment in symptomatic cases can be an inexpensive, safe and feasible approach to manage and alleviate the compounding fear and panic that COVID-19 is creating across the globe. National polices & strategies to tackle the pandemic need to be revisited.

The Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), with support from the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, organised its first Webinar on World Homoeopathy Day on 10 April 2020 to commemorate the birth anniversary of the founder of Homoeopathy, Dr Samuel Hahnemann. Considering the need of hour and utilising the advancements of digital platforms, the CCRH decided to organise this webinar focusing on the role of Homoeopathy in COVID-19, for the homoeopathic fraternity and to unite them digitally. The webinar was inaugurated by Shri. Shripad Naik, Minister of State (IC), Ministry of AYUSH; Vaidya Rajesh Kotecha, Secretary, Sh. PK Pathak, Additional Secretary; and Sh. Roshan Jaggi, Joint Secretary from the Ministry of AYUSH, also graced the occasion with their live addresses. Keynote speaker Prof. George Vithoulkas, Director, International Academy of Classical Homeopathy, Dr Robbert V Haselen, Member, Homoeopathic Pharmacopeia of United States, and Prof. Aaron To, Director, Living Homoeopathy, Hong Kong, also joined in as valued speakers. Significant deliberations were also made by Dr V. K. Gupta, Chairman, Scientific Advisory Board, CCRH, Dr Anil Khurana, Director General In-charge, CCRH; Dr Raj K Manchanda, Director, Directorate of AYUSH, Government of Delhi; Dr S R K Vidyarthi Director, Ministry of AYUSH; and Dr Subhas Singh, Director, National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata. The Council humbly thanks them for their generosity and sparing their valuable time for this event at a short notice.

Background: This review discusses the importance of inter-individual variations in Homoeopathy and role of immune modulation through cytokine induction behind these variations in symptoms. Objectives: To analyse the effects of homoeopathic drugs in modulation of cytokine synthesis to find the individualised immunological mechanisms of these drugs. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for studies which analysed effects of homoeopathic medicines on cytokine synthesis. Full texts of shortlisted studies after scrutiny of abstracts, were analysed for study design, homoeopathic medicines used, cytokines analysed and results. Results: The PubMed search yielded 21 studies. After analysis of abstracts of 21 studies, 10 were shortlisted, which included 7 in vivo and 2 in vitro studies. One study had both in vivo and in vitro interventions. Majority of in vivo studies used rat and exposure to immunological challenge before administration of homoeopathic medicine. The cytokines studied were interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. The two in vitro studies evaluated effects of Saussurea lappa and Mercurius solubilis on lymphocytes and macrophage culture, respectively. Out of 10 studies analysed, 8 showed homoeopathic medicines can modulate cytokine synthesis either by increasing or decreasing the cytokine synthesis, in a statistically significant manner. Conclusion: The studies were heterogeneous regarding the antigenic challenge given to stimulate immune cells and only 50% of studies clearly mentioned random allocation of animals in groups. Though majority of studies showed that homoeopathic medicines can modulate cytokine synthesis, the mechanism of cytokine modulation remained unexplored.

Background: Nosodes are the homoeopathic medicines prepared from diseased products of biological origin. These are commonly used in clinical practice for the prophylaxis and treatment of ailments including infectious diseases. Objective: This review aims at the usage of nosodes for the management of epidemics. Methods: The homoeopathic research literature was searched to find examples of the use of nosodes in different ways and to evaluate their role and position in homoeopathic practice with special reference to epidemic diseases. Results: Research evidence for use of the nosodes as prophylactics and for the treatment of various infectious and non-infectious diseases is emerging. Nosodes such as Meningococcinum,nosoLEP and Malaria officinalis have been used successfully in controlling meningitis, leptospirosis and malaria, respectively. The use of nosodes as isopathy is somewhat acceptable in the mainstream medicine due to its similarity to vaccination. Although it is feasible to use nosodes in a short span of time and can be administered easily, the method of preparation and the safety issues are of much concern and therefore, should be used with utmost care. The safety issues outlined by the World Health Organization should be satisfied before their application in public health. Conclusion: The challenge for the future is to refine the method of preparation and to develop a harmonised way of preparing the nosodes, which is conducive to all the homoeopathic pharmacopoeias across the globe. Nosodes prepared as per the homoeopathic principles have potential to be used as prophylactics in epidemics, but only if there is sufficient experimental evidence of its effectiveness and safety.

Introduction: Viral warts are the most common cutaneous infection caused by human papillomavirus. Warts can be treated by many available modalities such as cryotherapy, chemical cauterization, curettage, electrodessication and laser removal. However, most of these therapies can cause scarring. They also cause application-site reaction and recurrence. The homoeopathic literature has a plethora of medicines for the treatment of warts. Case Summary: A 4-year-old girl presented with reappearance of multiple warts on the face after a month of laser treatment. This time, the warts were on the right side of the forehead and one on the right cheek and were persisting for 8 months. The patient responded well to individualised homoeopathic treatment, i.e. Calcarea phosphorica 200 in single dose with complete recovery within 1 month without subsequent relapse. Even though the medicine is mentioned in the fourth grade against the rubric 'Face – Warts' in the Complete Repertory and is not used commonly in the cases of warts, it acted beneficially. Hence, this case emphasises the importance of individualised homoeopathic treatment based on characteristic general symptoms.

Background: Gout is an inflammatory arthritis associated with hyperuricaemia and intra-articular monosodium urate crystals, resulting in pain, activity limitation, disability and impact on patients' quality of life. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the effects of individualised homoeopathic medicines in serum uric acid level and quality of life in patients suffering from gout. Methods: A prospective, single-arm, non-randomised, open-label, observational trial was conducted on 32 adults suffering from gout (diagnosed as per the American College of Rheumatology–European League Against Rheumatism gout classification criteria) at the Outpatient Department of The Calcutta Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata. Serum uric acid level was the primary outcome (baseline vs. 3 months); Gout Assessment Questionnaire v2.0 (GAQ2; baseline vs. 3 months) and Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile v2.0 (MYMOP2; baseline, every month and up to 3 months) were the secondary outcomes. Intention-to-treat sample (n = 32) was analysed in SPSS®IBM® version 20. Results: The mean age of patients was 47.6 years; the male: female ratio was 5:3. Both serum uric acid level (mg/dl) (7.6 ± 1.4 vs. 6.0 ± 1.5; mean reduction: 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 2.1, P < 0.001, Student's t-test) and GAQ2 total score (45.0 ± 9.1 vs. 21.0 ± 14.0; mean reduction: 24.0, 95% CI 19.1, 29.0, P < 0.001, Student's t-test) reduced significantly over 3 months. MYMOP2 scores obtained longitudinally at four different time points also revealed statistically significant reductions (P < 0.001, one-way repeated measures ANOVA). The most frequently indicated medicine was Benzoicum acidum. Conclusion: This study, though preliminary, revealed a positive treatment effect of individualised homoeopathic medicines in alleviating the symptoms of gout and improving the quality of life. More studies like randomised controlled trials with greater scientific rigour are warranted.

Background and Objective: Homoeopathy is one of the various alternative systems of medicine prevalent in India. A survey was conducted during the month of January–February 2017 in a congregation at Sangam, Allahabad, to know about the awareness of general population about Homoeopathy. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on patients and people visiting the health check-up camp and exhibition stall set-up during Magh Mela at Sangam, Allahabad. A self-administered questionnaire was used during the survey, devised by the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy. Results: Of 1144 total respondents, 68.1% had knowledge about Homoeopathy. About 46.6% of respondents believed that it has no side effects and 15.1% believed that it is cost-effective. The diseases for which most of the participants have taken homoeopathic treatment were fever, common cold, constipation and diarrhoea. Conclusion: General population has knowledge about Homoeopathy, but various misconceptions are also prevalent. Awareness campaigns are needed to make people more aware about Homoeopathy and its effectiveness in various disorders.

Context: Scientific assessment of proving symptoms or already recorded symptoms in patients refers to Clinical Verification (CV). There are serious shortcomings of existing methods of CV, mostly arising from qualitative observations made on absolute occurrence of symptoms instead of relative ones. This problem can be resolved by the use of the Likelihood Ratio (LR). Aim: This study aims to estimate the prevalence and LRs of general symptoms of 29 less frequently prescribed homoeopathic medicines. Methods: The study was multicentric, open and observational. Patients were enrolled as per pre-specified eligibility criteria. Alongside, presenting complaints and general symptoms were taken into account during prescription. Medicines were prescribed in centesimal potencies. LR calculation of general symptoms was based on clinician-rated outcomes as 'improved' and 'not improved' of presenting complaints and was divided into three sections: (1) when the prevalence of a symptom was available from literature, LR was calculated by assessing the prevalence of that symptom in the responder sample, (2) in the absence of so, calculation was restricted to mean prevalence data from study sample ('confined LR') and (3) 'confined LRs' were not calculated for symptoms whose prevalence were not recorded for at least five medicines and were kept for estimation in future. Results: Of 166 general symptoms of 29 medicines, LRs and confined LRs >1.5 were elicited for 6 and 49 symptoms, respectively. Conclusion: In spite of considerable caveats, it is the first insight into prevalence and LRs of general symptoms of less frequently prescribed homoeopathic medicines. Further research is warranted.

Background: Malaria officinalis, a Homoeopathic preparation used against malaria, was prepared from decomposed vegetable matter from a marshy area by G. W. Bowen in 1862. No scientific published material is available on the source of any malaria-related nosode. There is a need to develop the new nosode using the organisms. The author has developed the nosode from Plasmodium falciparum parasites, and the detailed method of preparation is described in this manuscript. Objective: Preparation and standardisation of Homoeopathic nosode prepared from P. falciparum parasites, which could be explored for further research and therapeutic efficacy. Materials and Methods: The most widely cultivated strain of malaria parasite P. falciparum was collected from Indian Institute of Technology-B (Mumbai). This parasite was triturated with nine parts of Saccharum lactis powder to achieve 1X potency. One part of 1X potency and nine parts of Saccharum lactis powder were taken to make subsequent 2X potency. Likewise, potencies till 6X were prepared by trituration method, prescribed in Homoeopathy pharmacopeia of India (HPI). Results: Nosode from P. falciparum strain was prepared by trituration method as prescribed in HPI and standardised for future research and clinical exploration. Conclusion: The nosode sourced from P. falciparum parasites will be one such addition, which will call for further exploration for its effect against malaria (and other diseases) as a prophylactic and therapeutic measure.

Context: An open observational trial was carried out at National Institute of Homoeopathy, India, to assess the possible effects of individualised Homoeopathy in individuals suffering from post-caesarean backache. Aim: The aim of the study was to find the role of homoeopathic treatment in individuals suffering from post-caesarean backache. Methods: Fifty subjects were enrolled. The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) were used as the outcome measures, assessed at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Medicines prescribed followed homoeopathic principles. Non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to compare the dependent observations. P < 0.05 two-tailed was considered statistically significant. Results: Five subjects dropped out and 45 completed the trial. Intention-to-treat sample (n = 50) was analysed. There were statistically significant reductions in pain rating index percentage score (median 83.3 (IQR 66.7 to 100) vs. median 66.7 (IQR 33.3 to 71.1), P < 0.001); visual analogue scale score (median 7.0 (IQR 6.0 to 8.0) vs. median 6.0 (IQR 4.8 to 7.0), P < 0.001); present pain index score (median 3.0 (IQR 2.0 to 3.0) vs. median 2.0 (IQR 2.0 to 3.0), P = 0.019) and ODQ% score (median 44.0 (IQR 39.5 to 50.0) vs. median 39.0 (IQR 31.9 to 44.0), P < 0.001) over 3 months of treatment. Natrum muriaticum (n = 11, 22%); Staphysagria (n = 8, 16%); Bryonia alba and Rhus toxicodendron (n = 6 each, 12%) and Pulsatilla nigricans (n = 4, 8%) were prescribed frequently. Conclusion: Indicated homoeopathic medicines reduced SF-MPQ and ODQ scores. Further randomised trials are warranted with enhanced methodological rigour.

Originally, it was thought that Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) would supplant decision-making based on intuition or plausibility. Later, it appeared that the gold standard in EBM, the Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT), was not as 'hard' a reference point as had been supposed, and an assessment of credibility was needed. After some decades, 'credible' RCT-centred EBM has led to the dismissal of therapies deemed to be implausible, such as Homoeopathy. Nevertheless, such therapies remain widely appreciated by patients who use them alongside conventional medicine. Nearly two hundred RCTs of Homoeopathy showed no difference in efficacy between Homoeopathy and comparable conventional trials. There is no proof that conventional trials are of better quality and there is no proof of harm by Homoeopathy. However, selective analysis of evidence shows statistically insignificant results, then interpreted as unscientific 'confirmation' of the hypothesis that Homoeopathy is a placebo. As a result, the use of Homoeopathy instead of antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections has been discouraged, despite the absence of evidence of the efficacy of antibiotics for this indication and an established risk of harm. Complex statistical interpretations of RCT evidence lead to impractical and even harmful advice. Credible proof is actually based on many subjective (often continuous) variables. As an endpoint for EBM, Bayesian probabilities, based on more than RCT evidence, would provide a more practical and personalised type of advice for patients, and would develop the diagnostic process into a prognostic framework, offering alternatives if one particular solution was to fail.

Infantile haemangioma is a benign vascular tumour of childhood, characterised by endothelial cell proliferation. It usually develops shortly after birth and grows most rapidly over the first 6 months. However, it may keep growing for up to 12–18 months. After that, it undergoes regression or involution, and 50% of all infantile haemangiomas have completed involution by the age of 5 years, 70% by the age of 7 years and 90% by the age of 9–12 years. However, in a small percentage of patients in whom haemangioma is not disappearing completely, residual fatty tissue or superficial skin telangiectasias remains. These patients may require drug therapy (propranolol/timolol/steroids/vincristine), surgery and/or laser therapy often during childhood involving certain risks or side effects. However, homoeopathic medicine can quickly, safely and effectively diminish proliferative growth and hasten resolution without any side effects. Two children with infantile haemangioma were treated with homoeopathic medicines, selected on the basis of their totality of symptoms and repertorisation. Each child was followed up every 2–4 weeks’ interval, and photographs were taken to assess/compare the vascularity, height (thickness), pliability and pigmentation according to the Vancouver Scar Scale chart. In the 1st case, the score reduced from 9 to 1 in about 10 months of follow-up and showed 88.8% improvement. In the 2nd case, the score reduced from 9 to 0 in about 10 months of follow-up and showed 100% improvement. These case reports show that early treatment of infantile haemangioma with Homoeopathy medicine can diminish proliferative growth and hasten resolution as early as possible without any side effects.

Vocal Cord Nodules (VCNs) are localised benign, superficial growths on the medial surface of the true vocal folds resulting primarily from voice abuse, overuse or misuse and clinically manifested by progressive hoarseness of voice, with increased effort required to produce the voice, vocal fatigue and discomfort or pain in the throat. Conventional treatment methods include conservative voice therapy and surgical intervention. Both treatment methods are required for the resolution of VCNs with improvement of clinical symptoms. Here, a 44-year-old male teacher presented with a history of progressive hoarseness with vocal fatigue, discomfort in the throat during talking and bilateral VCNs since 8 months. There was no improvement after voice rest and voice therapy interventions for 5 months and he was finally advised for surgery, which he denied. He was, instead, successfully treated by individualised homoeopathic single medicine Hepar sulphuricum (30C, 200C and 1M) selected on holistic approach. Over the period of 5 months of homoeopathic treatment, the patient's presenting symptoms of VCNs were improved and with resolution of it. This case report suggests that homoeopathic intervention may be the treatment for the resolution of VCNs with its presenting symptoms.

Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common acute infections in children, and injudicious prescription of antibiotics may lead to increase of antibiotic-resistant cases. Homoeopathic treatment may provide a safer and more effective treatment. Objective: Earlier, a pilot study conducted by the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH) on eighty patients at a single centre showed non-inferiority results. This study shall be undertaken to substantiate the earlier findings. Methods: This will be an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled (parallel arm) trial to be conducted on children in the age group of 2–12 years, suffering from AOM. The trial will include 240 children; each participant shall be randomly selected to receive either individualised homoeopathic medicine or symptomatic allopathic medicine. In case a child does not have ≥50% improvement with assigned treatment on day 3, he/she shall be given antibiotics. Children shall be treated/followed up for a period of 1 year to check recurrence, if any, in both the groups. The primary outcomes are changes in the Tympanic Membrane Examination Scale and Acute Otitis Media-Severity of Symptoms scale, time to improvement in pain through the Facial Pain Scale-Revised between the groups and recurrence (number of episodes, intensity and duration) of AOM between the groups at 1 year. Discussion: The study will consolidate the findings observed during a pilot study conducted by the CCRH at Jaipur, India. It is proposed to compare the role of individualised homoeopathy over allopathy in the treatment of AOM and to assess its role in controlling the recurrence.

A 37-year-old woman, being married for 6 years, presented to the homoeopathic outpatient department, after treatment of infertility by a gynaecologist for few years. She had a past history of emergency ovarian cystectomy for endometriosis 1 year after her marriage. Her subsequent infertility workup revealed hydrosalpinx with one-sided tubal block along with the evidence of poor ovarian reserve. Her husband's semen analysis was normal and was advised for donor-ovum in vitro fertilisation. At this point, she was treated with constitutional homoeopathic medicine following the miasmatic analysis with the holistic concept of Homoeopathy over 6 months. Treatment started with Silicea and later switched to Syphilinum. She conceived normally after that and subsequently delivered a healthy baby at full term. This case shows the positive role of classical homoeopathic treatment on subfertility.

Context: Nocturnal enuresis is a widespread and distressing condition that can have a deep impact on the subject's behavioural, emotional and social life. Aim: We intend to evaluate the role of homoeopathic treatment in nocturnal enuresis. Materials and Methods: A prospective, single arm, pre-post comparison, non-randomised, open-label, observational trial on individuals of 5–18 years of age presenting with nocturnal enuresis at the outpatient department of The Calcutta Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital was carried out. A total of 34 individuals were enrolled. A scoring scale was developed; scores were measured at baseline, after 2nd and 4th month. The intention to treat population was statistically analysed in the end. Results: The mean age of the patients was 8.71 ± 2.73 years; gender distribution was 1:1. Compared to baseline, scores reduced significantly over 2 months (11.6 ± 1.9 vs. 9.6 ± 3.5; mean difference: 2.0 ± 2.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 2.9]; t = 4.748; P < 0.0001 two-tailed; Student's t-test) and 4 months (11.6 ± 1.9 vs. 7.1 ± 4.8; mean difference: 4.5 ± 4.2 [95% CI: 3.1, 6.0]; t = 6.319; P < 0.0001). A post hoc one-way repeated measure ANOVA indicated significant time effect (F[2,32] = 311.286, P < 0.0001). Effect size was considerably large (Cohen's d: 0–2 months = 1.653; 0–4 months = 2.200). The most frequently indicated medicine was Kreosotum (n = 9; 26.5%). Conclusion: Homoeopathic medicines seemed to have a potential treatment effect in nocturnal enuresis. Controlled trials are warranted.

Background: Gingival inflammation and plaque formation are a major health problem in worldwide. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the variation of parameters of bleeding and plaque index (PI) in Gingivitis before, during and after intervention with Plantago. Materials and Methods: Thirty gingivitis patients were divided into two groups: control and test groups. Subjects were instructed to use toothpaste twice daily using the bass method up to 6 months. Clinical data were assessed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months which include an analysis of PI, Gingival Index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Results: Over a period of 6 months, there was a significant reduction in all the clinical parameters which includes GI, PI and BOP in test group with t-test (P = 0.001). i.e., Plantago showed significant effect compared to the control group. Repeated-measures ANOVA also showed a significant difference (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: There is a significant mean reduction in PI, GI and BOP in gingivitis before, during and after homoeopathic treatment with Plantago.

Homoeopathy is among the commonly used alternative approaches in Cancer. It is being widely used as palliative and curative in patients suffering from cancer. Though studies on the use of Homoeopathy in cancer after surgery, radio therapy and chemotherapy have been reported, clinical trials on effects of Homoeopathy in cancer are rare. Some studies on the effect of dosage of Homoeopathic medicines and their mechanism of action in cancer have also been published. A few case reports published here and there also find a mention in different databases. This review aims to describe literature available on the approach of Homoeopathy in Cancer by searching various databases like Elsevier, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Springer and Wiley online library, electronically. It was found that beneficial effect of Homoeopathic medicines are reported on some cancer cell lines via apoptosis and immune modulation. Homoeopathic treatment given as add on also improves the quality of life, survival time and presenting complaints. However, more evidence needs to be generated to demonstrate anti tumor or antimetastatic potential in controlled clinical trials.

Introduction: Blatta orientalis or oriental cockroach, also known as water bug or black beetle, belongs to class insecta and family Blattidae. In Homoeopathy, medicine prepared from it is used in a number of ailments, especially in the treatment of asthma. Materials and Methods: The physicochemical study includes evaluation of different parameters, namely foreign matter, moisture content, total ash, water-soluble and acid-insoluble ash values, water and ethanol extracts of the raw drug. Physicochemical studies, namely organoleptic specifications, sediment, specific gravity determination, total solids, pH measurement, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ultraviolet-visible spectra and alcohol content have also standardised and presented for both in-house and commercial mother tinctures (finished products). Results: The study indicates that the values of the preliminary parameters of this drug are quite different from the ranges reported for plant drugs. TLC study confirms the complexity of the composition of the prepared drug. Conclusion: The physicochemical data of the drug, B. orientalis, may serve as pharmacopoeial standard for authentication, quality assurance and quality control process of the commercially available drug.

Introduction: The first-of-its-kind World Integrated Medicine Forum (WIMF) on the regulation of homoeopathic medicinal products (HMPs) which was attended by various stakeholders from 23 countries witnessed rigorous discussions to strengthen existing regulatory framework of homoeopathic medicines in the world, as well as to bring harmony within the Homoeopathy market for drug manufacture standards including pharmacopoeial convergence. Materials and Methods: A feedback questionnaire was shared with the participants through SurveyMonkey online platform to seek their opinion about the Forum, obtain their country-specific views about regulations of HMPs, to evaluate the extent to which the Forum could meet its objectives and also to identify areas of improvements which may be taken note for organising a future WIMF. Results: Sixty-one percent participants from 18 countries returned the survey. Analysis of the responses revealed a group consensus about the remarkable organisation of the Forum, its usefulness from a national perspective, etc. The questions could also fetch insight about country-specific reforms that are required in the availability and regulations of HMPs. All the respondents who took the survey recommended a next Forum on the same lines, out of which 92% said they would recommend it to other colleagues. Conclusion: Homoeopathy is a widely recognised and accepted system worldwide. Based on its increasing demand, a harmonised regulatory system for homeopathic medicines must be developed to ensure good quality of HMPs, and this can be achieved through cooperative interactions among various stakeholders, both nationally and globally. A Forum such as this, at least once every 2 years, can provide the right push on this front.

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetes associated with severe morbidity leading to poor quality of life and high cost of treatment. Many physicians are of the opinion that effective, multidisciplinary management of foot ulcer is necessary to avoid adverse consequences such as amputation and permanent disability. Homoeopathy offers an effective and safe management of these cases through its unique holistic approach. Here is one such case of chronic DFU, which has been refractory to the conventional management, treated satisfactorily with Homoeopathy. It has been observed that, with homoeopathic treatment, apart from healing of the ulcer, the general health of the patient has also improved.

Background and Objectives: This study was conducted with the primary objective of evaluating efficacy of Homoeopathy in establishing the menstrual regularity with improvement in either ultrasonological findings or hirsutism/acne. The quality of life was also assessed using polycystic ovary syndrome questionnaire (PCOSQ). Materials and Methods: A single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted from February 2014 to May 2015 at two research centres. The cases fulfilling the eligibility criteria were enrolled (n = 60) and randomised to either the homoeopathic intervention (HI) (n = 30) or identical placebo (P) (n = 30) with uniform lifestyle modification (LSM) for 6 months. Results: The menstrual regularity with improvement in other signs/symptoms was observed in 60% of the cases (n = 18) in HI + LSM group and none (n = 0) in control group (P = 0.001). Statistically significant difference (P = 0.016) was observed in reduction of intermenstrual duration (from 76.1 ± 37.7 to 46.6 ± 38.7 days) in HI + LSM in comparison to placebo + LSM group (from 93.0 ± 65.2 to 93.9 ± 96.2 days). In PCOSQ, also, significant improvement was observed in HI group in domains of weight, fertility, emotions and menstrual problems (P < 0.05) with no difference in body hair (P = 0.708). No change was observed in respect of improvement in the ultrasound findings. Pulsatilla was the most frequently indicated medicine (n = 12, 40%). Conclusion: HI along with LSM has shown promising outcome; further comparative study with standard conventional treatment on adequate sample size is desirable.

Aim: To assess the prevalence and prognostic factor of Aranea diadema in a population responding well to Aranea diadema. Material and Methods: It was an open label, multicentric observational study wherein patients having minimum two known symptoms matching with the pathogenesis of Aranea diadema were prescribed the remedy in 6C, 30C, 200C, and 1M potencies. The collected data were presented in terms of descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 6806 cases were enrolled. Out of which a total of 172 cases were analysed, and demographic analysis shows male/female: 109/63; mean age 28.3 years. There were “clinical successes” in 115 cases (67.0%) and no response in 57 (33.1%) cases. The number of symptoms found prevalent in responders included proving (n = 13) and literature (n = 8). Symptoms coming from provings guide homoeopathic practitioners in prescribing their medicines, but should also be confirmed in patients responding well to these medicines. Significantly higher prevalence was observed among responders in respect of six tentatively confirmed symptoms (prevalence): Forgetfulness (0.11), white coated tongue (0.21), epistaxis (0.10), thirstlessness (0.13), seminal emissions (0. 23), and fever (0.12). Conclusion: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of symptoms in a population responding well to Aranea diadema and to compare this with the prevalence of these symptoms in other populations. If a symptom has a higher prevalence in a population responding well to Aranea it indicates the increase of likelihood of a curative action of Aranea when that symptom is present. Our “test”is not meant to diagnose an illness but to increase the accuracy of prescribing Aranea diadema.

Fibroadenoma is the commonest benign breast tumor in adolescent and young women. Conservative management with regular observation is the rule for newly diagnosed patients. For progressive growth in young patients or failure of regression in patients above 35 years surgical intervention is contemplated. But there may be recurrence after surgery and patients are often apprehensive of surgery. Here, a 18-year-old girl presented with a palpable, non-tender, movable lump in the left breast at upper outer quadrant progressively increasing in size over last 2 years and was advised for surgery. Sonomammography and FNAC confirmed it as simple fibroadenoma (3.48 × 2.38 centimeter). She was successfully treated by individualized homoeopathic treatment with single medicine Pulsatilla nigricans over 15 months. Serial Sonomammography reports revealed progressive regression of Fibroadenoma to non palpable state. Possible causal attribution of changes was explicitly depicted by Naranjo Criteria. It shows positive role of Homoeopathic treatment in regression of fibroadenoma in a young woman.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the most common inflammatory bowel diseases. As in most of the cases, the exact cause is unknown Homoeopathy, however, provides a better response in such conditions, one such case report is presented below. Patient attended out patient department (OPD) chiefly for complaints of frequent passage of bloody stool and abdominal pain. He was suffering from idiopathic UC for the past 10 years. After unsatisfactory outcome with modern medicine, patient turned to homoeopathic treatment. After detailed case-taking and repertorization, Hydrastis was given in low potency, and gradually, the potency was raised as per the response of the medicine upon patient. Within 3–4 months of homoeopathic treatment, the patient started improving and continues to be free from his complains at the time of last follow-up visit in OPD.

Context: The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine release and oxidative stress are validated experimental parameters used to test anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated the effects of homoeopathic mother tinctures, 6 CH, 30 CH and 200 CH dilutions of Arnica montana, Thuja occidentalis and Bryonia alba against LPS (1 μg/ml)-induced cytokine release from RAW-264.7 cells and human whole-blood culture. Materials and Methods: For in vivo evaluations, mice were orally treated with 0.1 ml drug dilutions twice a day for 5 days followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mg/kg LPS. After 24 h, the mice were sacrificed and serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide were determined. The extent of oxidative stress was determined in the liver homogenates as contents of reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Results: The tested drug dilutions significantly reduced in vitro LPS-induced release of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 from the RAW-264.7 cells and human whole blood culture. Similar suppression of cytokines was evident in mice serum samples. These drugs also protected mice from the LPS-induced oxidative stress in liver tissue. Conclusions: Our findings substantiate the protective effects of Arnica, Thuja and Bryonia homoeopathic dilutions against LPS-induced cytokine elevations and oxidative stress. This study authenticates the claims of anti-inflammatory efficacy of these homoeopathic drugs.

Fibroadenosis also known as fibrocystic breast disease constitutes the most frequent benign disorder of the breast causing constant breast pain. The only known treatment in conventional medicine is anti-inflammatory medicines which give temporary relief or surgical excision which results in scarring of breast tissue. The homoeopathic literature shows that cases related to breast lump, mastitis, etc. have been treated successfully; however, no case study/research trial has been documented till date in any peer-reviewed journal. The case reported here is of fibroadenosis in 31-year-old female who was treated successfully with individualised homoeopathic medicine within 6 months with no recurrence. Phytolacca was prescribed as a constitutional remedy on the basis of totality of symptoms and after repertorisation. Investigatory procedures such as mammography and ultrasonography were done before and after to record resolution of cysts. The patient has been observed for more than 1 year without recurrence which can be considered as near permanent cure through individualised homoeopathic treatment. Resolution of cysts in this case of fibroadenosis with Homoeopathy can be considered a lead to explore the utility of alternative modes of treatment such as Homoeopathy to give a better therapeutic option for such surgical conditions.

Introduction: Clinical verification is an ongoing research program of the Council that verified many rare homoeopathic drugs. Aim: To clinically verify the ‘symptomatology’ of Mangifera indica by ascertaining the symptoms improved during verification. Materials and Methods: The study was a multicentric open label observational trial. Total 114 patients were enrolled after matching with the available symptom compendium and eligibility criteria in five centres of the Council. The medicine was prescribed in 6C, 30C, 200C and 1M potencies, as per need of the patient following the homoeopathic principles and protocol developed by the Council. The collected data were presented in terms of descriptive statistics. Prevalence of symptoms in the responding and non-responding population has been compared using Chi-square test. Results: Among the total 114 patients enrolled in the study, 77 patients who completed the follow up were analysed, as there were 37 drop out cases. The demographic analysis shows, male/female: 41/36, mean age 28.61 years. There was “clinical success” in 65 cases (84.41%) and failures in 12 cases (15.59%), judged subjectively by the physicians. A minimum of two prescriptions were considered for pick listing each symptom as a rule of thumb. Conclusions: Total 16 CCRH proving symptoms were verified, 4 symptoms from other literatures were also verified. 51 new clinical symptoms/symptom components were identified. Further replication and estimation of likelihood ratio in general practice setting is crucial for confirmation and inclusion of such symptoms in homoeopathic literatures.

Background: The use of animal models in the development of new medicine and research is common in the conventional medicine. Animal model for new drug discovery and efficacy testing for preclinical research is explored in Homoeopathy only by a few. This study explores the possibility to test in a controlled way the effects of homoeopathic remedies on experimental model of acute inflammation in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (seventy rats of 6–8 weeks' age); medicines were evaluated by oral administration in the Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Two new homoeopathic preparations, a combination of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin (CP-10), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and one existing homoeopathic medicine, Magnesium phosphoricum (0.6 ml oral), were evaluated against vehicle control using Diclofenac as a standard. Edema was measured using a water-based plethysmometer, before and at different times after arthritis induction. Results: Magnesium phosphoricum showed good results, almost similar to Diclofenac at days 7 and 21, whereas CP-10 and TNF-α showed nonsignificant results. The body processes reversed the inflammatory condition on day 7 onward indicated by similar paw volume of all the treatments. Arthritic index was higher with negative control, which was decreased by CP-10 although nonsignificantly on days 7 and 21. Diclofenac and Magnesium phosphoricum showed significant reduction in arthritic index on days 7 and 21. Conclusion: Ultra-diluted homoeopathic preparations of Magnesium phosphoricum exhibited definite antiarthritic activity. The same could have been confirmed studying the levels of inflammatory biomarkers in a study with longer treatment period.

Objective: To study, the effect of a homoeopathic medicine Crotalus horridus 200C on ehrlichiosis in dogs in an endemic area of Aizawl district of Mizoram state of India. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the efficacy of Crotalus horridus 200C against ehrlichiosis dogs. 12 positive cases confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were divided into two groups comprising six dogs in each group. One group was treated with standard therapy (doxycycline) and other group was treated with Crotalus horridus 200C at 4 pills orally for 20 days. Clinical improvement of affected dogs was recorded after therapy. Important haemato-biochemical parameters before and after therapy such as haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC), platelet count, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and liver-specific enzymes namely alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed following standard protocol. All the parameters were compared with a control healthy group (T3). All experiment dogs were from different age with different breeds and bloods were collected at forenoon only. Results: PCR test yielded 13 dogs positive out of 67 suspected samples screened (19.40%) with an amplification of 387 bp fragment from 16S rRNA gene of E. Canis. Off total positive, only 8 (61.53%) could be detected in peripheral blood smear. Crotalus horridus-treated group of dogs showed clinical recovery from fever and temperature to normalcy by the 14th day posttreatment. Haemato-biochemical profiles of affected dogs such as Hb, PCV, TEC, TLC, DLC, platelet count, total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, total bilirubin, serum creatinine, BUN, and liver-specific enzymes namely ALT and ALP were turned to normalcy within 21 days of post-treatment. Conclusion: Nested PCR assay had been shown to be sensitive and specific for detection of Ehrlichia canis. Crotalus horridus 200C may be an effective and choice of drug for control of canine ehrlichiosis.

Background: Prostatic enlargement (prostatomegaly) is a common condition in aging men which can be progressive and lead to acute urinary retention and ultimately need for surgery. Although clinical evidence of disease occurs less commonly, symptoms of prostatic obstruction are also age related and if untreated affect quality of life. Patients with huge prostatic enlargement mostly undergo surgical intervention. Objective: To assess the usefulness of homoeopathic medicines in patients with huge prostatomegaly, a clinical study was conducted at Gaurang Clinic and Centre for Homoeopathic Research, Lucknow, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 116 patients have been shortlisted with prostate weight above 50 g, out of which 61 were found fit for the study. The medicines have been selected on the basis of principles of Homoeopathy. Prostate weight and postvoid residual urine (PVRU) on ultrasonography were assessed before and after treatment. Results: After comparing pre- and post-treatment results, the difference in mean values of prostate weight and PVRU were 67.47 ± 2.78-60.15 ± 3.62 (P < 0.001) and 91.61 ± 11.91-65.94 ± 9.01 (P = 0.009), respectively, which were found statistically significant. Lycopodium (n = 21), Pulsatilla (n = 7), and Nux vomica (n = 3) were found to be most useful medicines. Conclusion: Results obtained from the study are encouraging with findings that almost 64% of patients reduced their prostatic weight significantly. However, such study with inclusion of more parameters is needed for further validation of the role of homoeopathic medicines.

Background: Cactus grandiflorus (L.) Britton and Rose, Family: Cactaceae is an evergreen shrub with creeping aerial roots, used in Homoeopathy for atheromatous arteries, angina pectoris, and constriction of heart muscles, endocarditis, and heart weakness due to arteriosclerosis. Flowering stems are used in the preparation of medicine. Objective: The pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies are carried out to facilitate identification of correct species and standardized raw materials. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostic studies of stem of authentic samples of Cactus grandiflorus (L.) Britton and Rose have been carried out according to Trease and Evans, 1983, and Youngken 1959. To determine physicochemical constants, Indian Pharmacopoeia, 1970, was consulted and preliminary phytochemical properties were studied as per methods described by Trease and Evans, 1983. Results: Stem available in segments of variable length and thickness, roundish structure with 5 or 6 ridges and furrows with aerial roots, isodiametric cavities in cortex containing mucilage; aggregates of acicular and rhomboidal calcium oxalate crystals scattered in parenchymatous region are the key identification characteristic. Thin layer chromatography of chloroform extract of mother tincture reveals five spots with blue and violet colors. Conclusion: The macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and phytochemical analysis of the authentic raw material were indicative to establish the standards for ensuring quality and purity of the drug.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a skin disease characterized by itching, typical morphology, and distribution of rash, chronic relapsing course, and personal or family history of “atopic diathesis.” Stress is an important precipitating factor of AD. Stress has also some causal link with depression. Rationale of this case report is to demonstrate the co-occurrence of AD and depression in a patient, and better improvement of AD occurs when homoeopathic treatment focuses on psychological symptoms. Here, a 38-year-old male presented with a 6-month history of eczematous skin lesions with associated symptoms of depression in the background of chronic ongoing stress. A diagnosis of AD with comorbid depression was made. He initially did not show stable improvement on homoeopathic medicine selected on the basis of totality of symptoms and miasmatic background. On changing the medicine giving more priority to psychological symptoms, he gradually showed stable improvement on both the domain of symptoms and reached remission by 3 months. Remission maintained without any recurrence over the next 3½ years. Hence, the main lesson from this case is the demonstration of importance of mental symptoms over other physical symptoms in homoeopathic treatment.

Validation of homoeopathic medicines is about validating effectiveness in individual cases. Homoeopathic practitioners base their expectation that a medicine will work on the experience that specific symptoms of the patient indicate specific medicines. The prevalence of such symptoms is higher in a population responding well to a specific medicine than in the remainder of the population. This principle has a solid mathematical foundation in Bayes' theorem, identifies homoeopathic symptoms as prognostic factors, and offers an interesting perspective of individualized research. This kind of research depends on recording symptoms and results of treatment. An important challenge in this research is establishing causality between medicine and improved health. Prognostic factor research could become one of the main pillars of Homoeopathy's scientific identity.

Warts are the growth of skin resulting from human papillomavirus infection. These may be single, multiple, smooth, or cauliflower-like and are generally treated by applying medicine externally or surgical excision procedure. Homoeopathy has a major role in the treatment of warts and most of the homoeopathic doctors use medicine in centesimal potencies. Five cases of warts were treated, two cases with centesimal potencies, and three cases treated with fifty millesimal potencies. Cases treated with fifty millesimal potencies responded more quickly than centesimal potencies without aggravating the complaints and without applying any external medicines. There is a possibility that fifty millesimal potencies have higher beneficial effects, in the treatment of warts, which can be explored further.

Almost two decades ago, it was postulated that homoeopathic remedies could deliver their benefits by interacting with the genetic blueprint. Over the years, the results of many homeogenomic gene expression studies have confirmed this postulate. The results of homeogenomic studies have begun to recognize which of the estimated 25,000 human genes are targeted by different homoeopathic remedies and how the expression profiles of these targeted genes are rearranged. From a mechanistic standpoint, seminal homeogenomic studies have shown that homoeopathic remedies can also facilitate epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation. This is an important discovery because DNA methylation plays an important role in the control of the expression of many genes. Understanding of the genes targeted by different homoeopathic remedies, taken together with information about the function of the protein/s encoded by the targeted gene/s provides a further complementary approach to homoeopathic remedy selection. In this review, as an example, we show how the results of homeogenomic studies support the applicability of frequently used homoeopathic remedies in patients suffering from cancer, particularly with respect to upregulation of the gene TP53. This review also outlines how the results of homeogenomic studies may also provide further help with potency selection and optimum dosage regimen.

Introduction: Identifying the need for strengthening of the immune system, the investigator has developed new Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) nosode and evaluated its effect on HIV positive individuals through a clinical trial. Methods: Standardized and the scientific method of HIV nosode preparation has been described and documented. Thirty-seven HIV-infected persons were registered for the trial, and ten participants were dropped out from the study, so the effect of HIV nosode 30C and 50C, was concluded on 27 participants under the trial. Results: Out of 27 participants, 7 (25.93%) showed a sustained reduction in the viral load from 12 to 24 weeks. Similarly 9 participants (33.33%) showed an increase in the CD4+ count by 20% altogether in 12 th and 24 th week. Significant weight gain was observed at week 12 (P = 0.0206). 63% and 55% showed an overall increase in either appetite or weight. The viral load increased from baseline to 24 week through 12 week in which the increase was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). 52% (14 of 27) participants have shown either stability or improvement in CD4% at the end of 24 weeks, of which 37% participants have shown improvement (1.54-48.35%) in CD4+ count and 15% had stable CD4+ percentage count until week 24 week. 16 out of 27 participants had a decrease (1.8-46.43%) in CD8 count. None of the adverse events led to discontinuation of study. Conclusion: The study results revealed improvement in immunological parameters, treatment satisfaction, reported by an increase in weight, relief in symptoms, and an improvement in health status, which opens up possibilities for future studies.

The importance of high serum total cholesterol and high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as a risk factor for coronary artery diseases is well established. Statin is the first-line of treatment for dyslipidemia and there are known side effects of statin therapy. This study reviews the existing information available in Homoeopathy (research and traditional knowledge) for managing dyslipidemia. No rigid inclusion has been kept due to scarcity of evidence-based literature. Preclinical and clinical studies (case records to controlled trials) are included. A comprehensive search from major biomedical databases including National Medical Library (PubMed), AYUSH PORTAL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library was conducted using the search term “dyslipidemia,” “atherosclerosis,” “arteriosclerosis,” “atheroma” along with “Homoeopathy.” In addition, efforts were made to search authoritative texts of authors, such homoeopathic Materia Medica, repertory, etc. Relevant research was categorized by study type and appraised according to study type and design. Four preclinical, three observational studies, and two case records were identified. From literary search, medicines commonly used in Materia Medica and drugs of Indian origin were noted. There are positive leads in managing patients suffering from dyslipidemia. However, more well-designed studies are warranted to generate effectiveness/efficacy of Homoeopathy.

Gangrene and its associated amputations are clinically challenging, but Homoeopathy offers therapy options. In this case series, 5 cases are presented, in which the homoeopathic treatment prevented amputation of a body part. Homoeopathy stimulates the body′s ability to heal through its immune mechanisms; consequently, it achieves wound healing and establishes circulation to the gangrenous part. Instead of focusing on the local phenomena of gangrene pathology, treatment focuses on the general indications of the immune system, stressing the important role of the immune system as a whole. The aim was to show, through case reports, that homoeopathic therapy can treat gangrene without amputing the gangrenous part, and hence has a strong substitution for consideration in treating gangrene.