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Coal fly ash (CFA) waste is one of the anthropogenic materials having detrimental impact as particulate and leachate contaminant. Dumping of such solid waste into landfills and other improper waste management conduct can be lethal for environment. In this work CFA waste was attempted to modify into zeolites using ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal and conventional heating approaches. The conventional and ultrasonic assisted synthesized zeolites showed entirely different cation exchange capacity (CEC) and morphology. However, FTIR and XRD patterns of zeolites synthesized by both of techniques were almost similar. However, a better crystalline structure, functionality and morphology of Na-X, NaP1 and hydroxy sodalite (SOD) classes of zeolites synthesized in ultrasonic (USZ-8) and hydrothermal (HT-48) curing modes were observed. Hydrothermally treated (HT-8) material was found with a lower porosity and low CEC (109 meq/100g) in contrast to USZ-8 with high porosity and CEC (390 meq/100g) for the same reaction time. ICP-OES analysis demonstrated that ultrasonic cavitation was more appropriate way to convert coal fly ash based aluminosilicates into active zeolites, economically. It can be concluded reasonably that ultrasonic modification of coal fly ash into valuable zeolites is a constructive approach and a step to gear up greener innovation.

Present study reports the potential use of HPLC coupled with principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA), for differentiation of approved mungbean variety from the promising lines based on minor saccharides profiles. A total of 48 mungbean samples from one approved variety and seven promising lines were analyzed for minor saccharides using HPLC and multivariate statistical analysis. PCA showed a clear separation among the classes. PLSDA was conducted to extract the variables that were responsible for the separation of mungbean approved variety from the lines. Maltoheptaose, maltohexaose, maltopentaose, maltotretraose, maltitol, maltose, mannitole, betaine varied significantly while stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, lectitol, dulcitol, xylitol, galactose showed non-significant differences. Maltoheptaose, maltohexaose, maltotretraose, maltitol, mannitole and galactose were found as the most abundant compounds while stachyose, raffinose, sucrose, lectitol and betaine were found less abundant in all lines and approved variety of V. radiata. The study highlights metabolic variation among mungbean variety and lines for minor saccharides profiles and its usefulness for consumers to choose for their desired variety or line as well as for breeders to look into the genetic factors responsible for this variation.