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With the progress of technology and the depletion of shallow mineral resources, the development and utilization of deep mineral resources will become reality. The deep rocks have complex physical and mechanics properties, and they are often in cycle loading stress condition. The larger pressure of deep groundwater is one of the main safety hazards in deep coal mines. As one of the most common rock types, it is significant to study the mechanical properties and permeability evolution of the roof sandstone for the exploitation of deep mineral resources. In this paper, the roof sandstone of Pingmei 12th Coal Mine with a depth of about 1 050 m has been investigated. The sandstone permeability evolution under stress is researched by cyclic loading acoustic emission (AE) permeability experiment. Based on the stress-strain and damage characteristics, dissipative energy density ratio, the growth rate of accumulated acoustic emission events, the features of fracture surface under different confining pressures, the permeability evolution of the roof sandstone under cycle loading has been summarized. Experimental results show that the effect of stress on rock can be divided into compaction and fracturing. The low stress mainly acts as compaction. The stress, which increases to more than 60% of the yield strength, mainly acts as fracturing. Permeability decreases under compaction of stress and increases under fracturing of stress. The dissipative energy density ratio and damage variable D of the rock sample decreases under compaction and increases under fracturing, which are both positively correlated with permeability evolution. During the whole experiment, the confining pressure acts as a compaction on the rock sample, and as the confining pressure increases, the permeability decreases to a greater extent. The failure mode of the roof sandstone has a significant effect on the permeability at the time of failure. The rupture angle of rock sample decreases with the increase of confining pressure. When the rock sample is destroyed, there are two forms of axial through crack and transverse through crack. When the axial through crack is generated, the permeability will be much larger than the initial permeability. The permeability of the transverse through crack will not change significantly. Based on the permeability evolution of five rock samples, rock permeability has four distinct phase characteristics under stepwise cyclic loading and unloading. The permeability decreases by compaction in the cycle of low stress. With the increase of cyclic stress, the permeability will increase under the fracture and damage. The permeability increases sharply, with the fracture face generated. The stress is greatly reduced after the failure, and the permeability decreases again due to the compaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]