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Achilles tendinopathy is a prevalent overuse injury to the Achilles tendon causing prominent pain and reduction in quality of life. Several biomechanical and anatomical properties govern the pathology of the Achilles tendinopathy, and as a result, choosing the optimal treatment option is challenging. The aim of this review is to study the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics of this injury and explore the available treatment options in order to extrapolate the most suitable option with the best prognosis. Treatment modalities for Achilles tendinopathy vary and include non-operative and operative options. Non-operative treatment modalities include physical therapy, extracorporeal shockwave therapy, injectable agents, and bracing and taping. Operative treatment modalities include surgical procedures, both percutaneous and open. Treatment should be catered to the individual patient. Further research is required in order to confirm the efficacy of the available treatment options, test the viability of novel techniques and approaches, and discover possible new therapeutic modalities., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To explore the patterns and trends of upper limb injuries in Major League Baseball (MLB)., Design: Descriptive Epidemiological Study., Setting: The MLB website was screened for injuries between 2010 and 2016, inclusive., Participants: Players that were placed on the Injured Lists (IL) due to upper limb injuries., Main Outcome Measures: The players' position, injury location, injury information, date of injury, and time spent on the IL were collected., Results: A total of 3512 injuries were documented; 1609 injuries (49%) affected the upper limb (n = 1609). On average, players were placed on the IL for 71 days (std dev = 57 days) due to these injuries. The shoulder was the anatomic location most prone to injury (35%). The elbow had the highest average days on IL (94 days; std dev = 63 days), significantly higher than all other anatomic locations (P < 0.001). Strain was the most cited cause for upper limb injuries. Pitchers had a significantly higher mean incidence rate (MIR) than fielders and catchers for shoulder, elbow, arm, and forearm injuries. Pitchers had significantly lower wrist and hand injury MIRs when compared to fielders and catchers. April had the highest burden of injuries with 380 injuries (24%) recorded. Surgery was performed on 225 injuries (14%)., Conclusion: Upper limb injuries are prevalent in the MLB, especially among pitchers. The shoulder is the anatomic location most prone to injury. Better understanding of the trends and patterns of these injuries will help in establishing better prevention policies., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To explore the epidemiological patterns and musculoskeletal characteristics of lower limb injuries in Major League Baseball (MLB)., Design: Descriptive epidemiological study., Setting: The MLB was screened for injuries between 2010 and 2016, inclusive., Participants: Players that were placed on the Disabled List (DL) and had lower limb injuries., Main Outcome Measures: Our database entailed the player's position, injury location, injury cause, and time spent on the DL. Analysis of characteristics and mean incidence rates (MIR) were conducted, and P values<0.05 were considered significant (CI 95%)., Results: A total of 3546 injuries were recorded; 1053 injuries (29.7%) affected the lower limbs (n = 1053). On average, 150.4 players per season were placed on the DL for a mean of 45.7 days. Thighs were the most common site of injury, whereas hip injuries had the highest average days on DL (62 days). Fielders had a significantly higher MIR of lower leg injuries when compared to pitchers (P = 0.007) and catchers (P = 0.024), and a significantly higher MIR of foot injuries than that of pitchers (P = 0.035). April was the month with the highest number of injuries (224 injuries, 21.3%). Only 43(4%) injuries required surgical intervention., Conclusion: Lower limb injuries are increasing in the MLB. Understanding the neuromuscular patterns of injuries will help in extrapolating better prevention policies., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)