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In Latin America, political parties are a fundamental barrier to achieving more equal representation. This paper focuses on Ecuador, which has become a regional pioneer in the legal aspects of political equality, but whose parties nevertheless show notable resistance to implementing these regulations. The main objective is to identify the extent to which Ecuador's political parties and movements promote or impede women's participation and political representation. To this end, the work forms part of an empirical-descriptive approach that seeks to construct an index for comparing the modalities and strategies political parties implement to promote equality between men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 25 years, the European Union (EU) has incorporated gender mainstreaming into its official policy approaches towards gender equality. This paper aims to analyse the vision of gender equality that has inspired the design and content of European policies (equality ad intra), as well as the power of gender mainstreaming to influence effective equality in member states (equality ad extra). The adoption of this mainstreaming approach has been justified as a way to ensure the overall coherence of all actions by avoiding overlaps and increasing their effectiveness and visibility. However, their effective incorporation into European policies remains a pending task, their implementation is fragmented and progress on gender equality has been slow and patchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the SAHWA Youth Survey 2016 (2017), this paper presents a study of the degree and types of political and religious participation - as well as the links that connect one to the other - among the youth of five Arab Mediterranean countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt and Lebanon). In politics, four types of participation are distinguished: official, everyday, community and protest. Between 5% and 17% of those surveyed could be considered hyperactivists, in that they participate in three or four of these types; in around a third, there was no participation at all. On the other hand, the majority of the young people considered themselves to be highly religious and, in three of the countries, a third attended the mosque at least three times a week. But the levels of religiosity did not influence political participation, as even the majority of the highly religious supported separating politics from religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the emergence of transnational activism in the context of collective action organised around socio-environmental conflicts in Chile's indigenous areas. It details the main events in the process of indigenous mobilisation in the form of three emblematic cases carried out on an international scale, together with their implications for the national political arena. The author explains how, after the indigenous people's demands were blocked at home, they then mobilised abroad, where they raised awareness over their situation and called for justice in the international courts. Finally, at the local level the paper identifies the inclusion of global frameworks related to the human rights to the indigenous peoples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]