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The article focuses on the challenges related to human spaceflight. It mentions that astronauts are vulnerable for both short- and long-term health risks due to the harsh condition of the environment in space. It cites several risks that can be mitigated by the design of the spacesuits and spacecraft including decompression, thermal injury and arcing injuries. However, radiation effects and the physiological consequences are found to be the two major challenges of the flight. It states that all organs of the astronauts are affected in space due to the absence of gravitational loading, hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy. Accordingly, astronauts are prone to several unclear biological effects including cataracts and cancer.

The article presents various medicine-related innovations and techniques from space that have been applied and modified in earth particularly in Canada. They include the ultrasonography procedure in space flight for the diagnosis of pneumothoraces, the liquid-cooling garments for medical and occupational settings, and the flow cytometer for human solid tumours analization. Furthermore, it pertains that the remote sensing satellites have been modified to monitor the spread of vector-borne diseases and likewise the turbopump design for the creation of a left ventricular assist device. Moreover, the authors conclude that the investment of the country in space robotic technology has provided the surgical patients with several benefits.

The article describes the authors' experience of living in the outer space. The authors note that adaptation to space flight is not easy as many astronauts are bothered by motion sickness such as headward shift of blood and extravascular fluid and low back pain due to stretching of vertebral ligaments or spinal nerve roots leg. Moreover, the authors pertain that more attention must be paid to proper body position because everything float in the weightless environment. Furthermore, the authors stress that living in space is a fulfilling and challenging human endeavour, however it requires them to think and act in different ways.