1. Development and worldwide use of a non-lethal and minimal population-level impact protocols for the isolation of chytrids from amphibians
- Author
-
Frances C. Clare, Mario Alvarado-Rybak, Matthew C. Fisher, Andrew A. Cunningham, Thomas S. Jenkinson, Dirk S. Schmeller, Timothy Y. James, Fikirte Gebresenbet, Claude Miaud, Pete Minting, Tsanta Rakotonanahary, Lee F. Skerratt, Rhys A. Farrer, Luisa P. Ribeiro, Sara Meurling, Carolina Lambertini, Jacob Höglund, Tiffany A. Kosch, Judit Vörös, Trenton W. J. Garner, Rebecca J. Webb, Elodie A. Courtois, Frank Pasmans, Angelica Crottini, Adeline Loyau, Jaime Bosch, Giulia Tessa, David M. Aanensen, Pria Ghosh, David J. Gower, Arnaud Bataille, Luís Felipe Toledo, Lee Berger, Kieran A. Bates, Jennifer M. G. Shelton, Gonçalo M. Rosa, Freya Smith, Falitiana C. E. Rabemananjara, Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez, Claudia Wierzbicki, Serge Herilala Ndriantsoa, Lola Brookes, Chun-Fu Lin, Ruhan Verster, An Martel, Emma Wombwell, Benedikt R. Schmidt, Ché Weldon, Joyce E. Longcore, Anssi Laurila, Thomas M. Doherty-Bone, Bruce Waldman, Kelly R. Zamudio, Luisa Ribeiro, Claudio Soto-Azat, and Susanne Boell
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Amphibian ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Population level ,Zoology ,biology.organism_classification ,Isolation (microbiology) ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Tadpole ,Arthropod mouthparts ,03 medical and health sciences ,Race (biology) ,Toe webbing ,biology.animal ,Threatened species ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Parasitic chytrid fungi have emerged as a significant threat to amphibian species worldwide, necessitating the development of techniques to isolate these pathogens into sterile culture for research purposes. However, early methods of isolating chytrids from their hosts relied on killing amphibians. We modified a pre-existing protocol for isolating chytrids from infected animals to use toe clips and biopsies from toe webbing rather than euthanizing hosts, and distributed the protocol to interested researchers worldwide as part of the BiodivERsA project RACE – here called the RML protocol. In tandem, we developed a lethal procedure for isolating chytrids from tadpole mouthparts. Reviewing a database of use a decade after their inception, we find that these methods have been widely applied across at least 5 continents, 23 countries and in 62 amphibian species, and have been successfully used to isolate chytrids in remote field locations. Isolation of chytrids by the non-lethal RML protocol occured in 18% of attempts with 207 fungal isolates and three species of chytrid being recovered. Isolation of chytrids from tadpoles occured in 43% of attempts with 334 fungal isolates of one species (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) being recovered. Together, these methods have resulted in a significant reduction and refinement of our use of threatened amphibian species and have improved our ability to work with this important group of emerging fungal pathogens.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF