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The entry routes and translocation mechanisms of bacterial pathogens into the central nervous system remain obscure. We report here thatStreptococcus pneumoniae(Sp) or polystyrene microspheres, applied to the nose of a mouse, appeared in the meninges of the dorsal cortex within minutes. Recovery of viable bacteria from dissected tissue and fluorescence microscopy showed that up to at least 72h, Sp and microspheres were predominantly in the outer of the two meninges, the pachymeninx. No Sp were found in blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Evidence that this was not an artifact of the method of administration is that in mice infected by horizontal transmission, Sp were also predominantly in the meninges and absent from blood. Intravital imaging through the skull, and flow cytometry showed recruitment and activation of LysM+cells in the dorsal pachymeninx at 5h and 10h following intranasal infection. Imaging of the cribriform plate suggested that both Sp and microspheres entered through its foramina via an inward flow of fluid connecting the nose to the pachymeninx. Our findings bring further insight into the invasion mechanisms of bacterial pathogens such as Sp into the central nervous system, but are also pertinent to the delivery of drugs to the brain, and the entry of air-borne particles into the cranium.

For all newborn mammals, mother's milk is the perfect nourishment crucial for their postnatal development. However, the mechanisms underlying the metabolic control of lactation and milk composition are not well understood. In this study, Wan and colleagues show that consumption of a western diet containing extra fat, cholesterol, and sucrose by maternal mice can trigger the secretion of inflammatory milk that leads to a TLR2/4-dependent neonatal toxicity, manifested as alopecia. This neonatal toxicity requires Toll-like-receptors (TLRs), but not gut microbiota, because TLR2/4 deletion or TLR4 inhibition confers resistance, whereas germ-free mice remain sensitive. Thus, this study provides novel insights into metabolic disorders at the maternal offspring interface.