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Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria are a recurrent problem in the livestock sector, generating important economic losses in the livestock industry. One of the main strategies includes antibiotic therapy; however, its use is limited since pathogenic bacteria present resistance to these drugs, which makes treatment against microbial infections difficult. Therefore, the hypothesis proposed was that ethanolic extracts of native plants from the state of Sonora, Mexico, can inhibit the growth of Gram (+) and Gram (-) pathogenic bacteria related to common infections in the livestock industry. The objective was to evaluate the phytochemical and antimicrobial profile of native plants from the state of Sonora, Mexico. In this study, 17 ethanolic extracts were obtained from native plants of Sonora, and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the agar diffusion method and by the microdilution technique using reference bacteria from the ATCC collection. The phytochemical profile was evaluated by spectrophotometry and the experimental design used was completely randomized with three replicates per treatment at 95 % confidence. The results showed that extracts of Prosopis velutina, Ibervillea sonorae, Populus alba, Ambrosia ambrosioides, Krameria sonorae, and Leucaena leucocephala were effective in eliminating Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028 (p≤ 0.05). In addition, these extracts presented the highest concentration of total polysaccharides, flavones and flavonols, flavanones and dihydroflavonols, tannins and total chlorogenic acid (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, plant extracts from Sonora, Mexico, represent a natural alternative for the control of Gram (+) and Gram (-) pathogens of importance to the livestock industry.

Objective: Evaluate producer inflation, equity in procampo support and profitability of eight agricultural products from Sinaloa, 2018-2019 cycle. Method: This document has three approaches; In the first, estimated the impact of inflation on the value of agricultural production, using the agricultural producer price index (INPP) base 2019. Second, using the Lorenz curves, equity is calculated or in the allocation of procampo - proagro. Third, calculated internal rate of return (IRR) for the eight products and compared with the 28-day yield of the treasury certificates (CETES). Results: The main crops in the state of Sinaloa are: cereals (corn, wheat), and vegetables (tomato, chili peppers). The current values ??generated in Sinaloa agriculture show growth. It is observed that there is an inflation gap that has been decreasing in the period 2000-2019. This implies that the transfer of prices from the producer to the consumer is less and less. It is noted that the profitability of the selected products is varied, vegetables with high rates and products such as corn and beans with low returns, even below the 28-day cetes. Limitations: this study does not specify the size of the productive unit and only the data is generalized. It does not address marketing channels and their destinations. Findings and conclusions: It is noted that there is a decrease in price transfers from the producer to the consumer, returns are also calculated and compared between crops and cetes. It is concluded that in the 2018-2019 period, corn and beans register lower profitability than if they were invested in CETES. Keywords: inflation, profitability, prices, performance.

Objective: Compare in cucumber cultivation a commercial pest control program vs a biological pest control program evaluating quality and production parameters. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in glass greenhouses classified as high technology, under a cooling system consisting of wet walls and extractors, heating that works by irradiation, automated irrigation. Two treatments were evaluated: biological control of pests in area A and the second, a commercial control program in area B, both in Persian cucumber (Cucumis sativus) of the Jawell variety. Each area of 160 m², in separate areas. One plant was considered as an experimental unit, the total of experimental units were 41, 600 plants for each area, 80 grooves were considered within each area with a length of 100 meters with 52 pillows of coconut fiber, whose pillows contain five cubes of rockwool with a plant two heads each cube, giving a total of 10 plants per pillow and 520 plants per groove. The average planting density was 3.42 plants / m². The biological control program consisted of releasing the mite (Amblyseius swirskii) for the control of thrips; the release of the wasp (Aphidius colemani) for aphid control; mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis) and (Amblyseius californicus) for the control of red spider mites and the application of the entomopathogenic nematode (Steinernema fetiae). The commercial-chemical control was in accordance with COFEPRIS (2019). The chemical products Actara (Thiametoxam), Beleaf (Flonicamid), Confidor 350 sc (Imidacloprid), Plenum 50 gs (Pymetrozine) and Talstar 100 CE (Biphentrine) were applied to control aphids. Tracer (Spinosad), Exalt (Spinetoram) and Beleaf (Flonicamid) for thrips control. Agirmec (Abamectina) and Talstar (Bifentrina) for the control of red spider, and finally Trigard (Cyromazina) for the control of fungus gnat larvae. The evaluated variables were fruit quality, total production and incidence of pests. A completely randomized experimental design was applied. To analyze the total number of boxes produced, the statistical T-Student test was used for normal data between two independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variables weight quality and weight loss with the data obtained, with a level of significance of P³0.05 to determine differences. A correlation (r) was made between the incidence of thrips (Thrips tabaci) and the incidence of the biological control Amblyseius swirskii, to compare the biological control (A) and the commercial control (B). Results: The results show that the production method using a biological pest control system was just as efficient as the chemical control program, in variables such as fruit weight, number of quality cucumber boxes obtained and incidence of pests. and its biological control. Limitations on study/implications: It is important to carry out further studies under open-air conditions where biotic and abiotic factors are different and in other regions, in addition to testing other registered biological products. Findings/conclusions: Biological and chemical control are complementary, an integrated control would help to slowly adapt a company for a subsequent application of only biological pest control, facilitating regularization and certification procedures involving the use of chemicals. In this biological control program, a more continuous and distributed release of A. swirskii is proposed during the weeks of cultivation, which will maintain more uniform and constant populations, this to avoid development of high populations of thrips and allow better control of this plague. It is necessary to evaluate both control programs during the spring-summer season to be able to compare the efficiency of these for each season and annually.

Objetivo: Evaluar un cultivar de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) en un sistema semi-hidropónico, simulando diferentes niveles de salinidad sulfática (CaSO4·2H2O a 0, 3,000, 4,000 y 5,000 µS cm-1). Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El cultivo de quinoa establecido en un sistema semi-hidropónico, bajo la simulación de diferentes condiciones de salinidad sulfática, tomando como fuente de salinidad sulfato de calcio dihidratado grado reactivo (CaSO4·2H2O) utilizando esta fuente de salinidad para representar las condiciones de la cuenca evaporítica de Río Verde-Matehuala, donde emerge una diversidad salina de aguas y suelos principalmente sulfato cálcicos. Las concentraciones fueron 0, 3,000, 4,000 y 5,000 µS cm-1, siendo aquella nula de sales, el tratamiento control. Resultados: El rendimiento de semillas por planta en los tratamientos con sales sulfáticas, los valores altos fueron para 3,000 µS cm-1 con 30.65 g/p, seguido de los tratamientos de 4,000 µS cm-1 con 23.31 g/p y 5,000 µS cm-1 con 19.13 g/p; por su parte el control resultó con el valor más alto en rendimiento con 43.41 g/p. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Es importante desarrollar más estudios bajo condiciones bióticas y abióticas que pueden presentarse en otras regiones y probar otro tipo de salinidad tal como la clorhídrica. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Bajo las condiciones del estudio, es posible cultivar quinoa en suelos sulfáticos pero con las restricciones que impone el efecto de la disminución del potencial osmótico causado por las sales.