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Introduction. General Mechanism of Action of Chemical Dispersants. Chemical Formulation of Dispersant Agents. Factors Affecting Chemical Dispersion of Oil and Its Measurement. Properties and Chemistry of Oil. Dispersant Composition. Dispersant Application. Mixing Energy. Dispersant-To-Oil Ratio (DOR). Oil-To-Water Ratio (OWR). Temperature. Salinity. Sampling and Analysis Method. Laboratory Testing of Dispersant Performance. Laboratory Testing Methods. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Laboratory Tests. Rapid Field Tests for Estimating Dispersant Performance. Field Tests of Dispersant Applications. Summary and Recommendations-Laboratory Studies. References. Index. Appendix A: Preparation Approach for this Book.

This book covers research completed between 1981 and May 1985 and includes: reviews of recent studies, sitings and investigations at spills-of-opportunity as well as results of recent arctic and sub-Arctic oil weathering experiments and observations on the behavior of crude oil in the presence of ice. Topics covered include the following: laboratory studies of formation and stability of water-in-oil emulsions; selected case histories of the more detailed chemistry studies of mousse behavior and long term fate in near-coastal and open ocean oil spills/blowouts; tar ball formation and distribution; and algorithms and computer programs to simulate the formation of water-in-oil emulsion.