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The environmental monitoring sounds as the prerequisite for the handling of the environmental pollution, strictly linked to the strategies of cleaning and remediation. In order to achieve this objective with affordable investment and running costs, there is need to develop advanced sensors for air quality monitoring and more in general for environmental monitoring capable to produce data that are comparable to those provided by adopting standard methods and technologies. Similarly, the conventional strategies used to clean the environmental compartments need to be improved in efficiency and convenience, using materials and technologies capable of inflicting the minimal or no harm at all upon ecosystems. Due to the huge advance of nanoscience and nanotechnology over the last two decades, great progress has been made not only in nanomaterials engineering and characterisation, but also in their functional applications. Because of their reduced size and large radii of curvature, the nanomaterials have a surface that is particularly reactive (mainly due to the high density of low-coordinated atoms at the surface, edges and defects). These unique properties can be applied to degrade and scavenge pollutants in air and water. Among nanostructured materials, nanofibrous structures offer unique properties, such as a high specific surface area (depending on the diameter of fibres and intra-fibre porosity), good interconnectivity of the pores and the potential to combine active chemistry or functionality at a nanoscale10. The working principle of these nanomaterials involved in remediation, may be used to design and fabricate nanosensors with improved detection of the pollutants. Functionalised and engineered nanofibres have been investigated and used as smart materials for a plethora of advanced environmental applications. The present chapter would be a short overview on any of the most performing nanofibrous materials obtained by electrospinning technology concerning both air filtration and gas/VOCs detection. Can one technology solve the global environmental problems?