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U radu su korišteni podaci izmjere 377 modelnih stabala smreke koja su mjerena u oborenom stanju na širem području unutar državnih raznodobnih sastojina u Kantonu 10 (Hercegbosanski Kanton). Za određivanje volumena krupnog drveta stabala primijenjena je metoda sekcioniranja sa sekcijama nejednakih apsolutnih dužina (najčešće od 1 – 2 m). Za izravnanje veličina volumena krupnog drveta od prsnog promjera i visine stabala primijenjena je metoda višestruke regresijske analize. Za procjenu parametara korištenih funkcija, testiranje značajnosti njihovih razlika te provođenje raznih transformacija, kao softversko rješenje korišteni su StatGraphics Centurion XVII. i Statistica 8.0. U cilju izbora „najboljeg“ modela za procjenu volumena krupnog drveta testiran je veći broj poznatih dendrometrijskih dvoparametarskih volumnih funkcija. Kvaliteta izjednačenja i prikladnost testiranih modela ocjenjivani su na bazi utvrđenih veličina osnovnih statističkih pokazatelja za karakteriziranje jačine korelacijskih veza. Najbolje ocjene parametara pokazao je model V7=a0+a1d1,3+a2h+a3d1,3h+a4d1,32+a5 d1,32h uz utvrđeni koeficijent determinacije: R2 = 0,99 i veličinu standardne greške regresije Sey=0,24 m3. Testirajući značajnost razlika između stvarnih volumena stabala iz uzorka i volumena tih istih stabala utvrđenih primjenom odabranog regresijskog modela, utvrđen je prosječni postotak odstupanja od 0,44%. To znači da su u prosjeku za 0,44% niži volumeni u odnosu na stvarne volumene na uzorku od 377 stabala smreke, što ukazuje da je ovaj regresijski model upotrebljiv za primjenu u praktičnom radu, jer je taj prosječni postotak manji od 1%., For assessment of growing stock in B&H forestry praxis as scientific baseline we are using volume tables and tariffs (Drinići dr. 1990). Having in mind the fact that these are constructed based on volume coefficients of the trees taken from German tree volume tables, which originate from single-age assortments, it is justified to suspect that by applying these tables one will get certain differences in quantity of large wood mass related to the actual status of those volumes. It is known that trees of the same tree species coming from single-age assortments are more full-bodied because they have larger volume coefficients compared to the trees of the same species from variable aged and selection forest assortments. That is why the objective of this research is to find “the best” regression model for levelling of volume of large wood of spruce, as dependent variable depending on diameter at breast height and tree height, as independent variables. To achieve this objective we have selected 377 model trees of spruce that were measured in felled condition on wider area of state owned variable aged assortments in Canton 10 (Livno Canton). To determine volume of large wood of trees we applied section method with sections of uneven absolute lengths (most often from 1 – 2 m). For levelling of volumes of large wood depending on diameter at breast height and tree height we applied method of multi-regression analysis. Quality of levelling and appropriateness of tested models was evaluated on the basis of determined values of basic statistical indicators for characterisation of the strength of correlation connections. The best values of the parameters showed model: V7=a0+a1d1,3+a2h+a3d1,3h+a4d1,32+a5 d1,32h with determined determination coefficient: R2 = 0,99 and size of standard regression error: Sey=0,245 m3. By testing significance of differences between actual/real tree volumes from the sample and volume of those trees determined by application of selected regression model by using t-test of pairs, no statistically significant differences were recorded. Average percentage of deviation was -0.44%. That means that in average we get 0.44% lower volumes comparing to the actual volumes in the sample of 377 spruce trees which shows that this regression model is usable for application in practice, because that average percentage is less than 1%. Statistically significant differences were recorded between volumes of trees of selected regression model and volume tables and models of other authors (Stojanović i dr. 1978; Banković i dr. 2003; Špiranec, 1976.). Those deviations vary in the range from 2.53% up to 22.7%. The largest deviations were determined exactly in model that is used in B&H (Stojanović i dr. 1978) and are in amount of 22.7% while the lower deviations were determined for volumes estimated by using model created for spruce trees from Sub-Alpine belt for area of Kopaonik (Banković i dr. 2003) and those amount to 2.53%.

Mechanisation used in forest utilisation has an impact on the occurrence of damage in stand and on forest land. The research in this work had the objective of determining damage on fir trees and other tree species during felling and processing of trees and their skidding using the forest cable-skidder. The research wasconducted in mixed beech and fir forests in the area of FMA “Glamočko”, M.U. “Hrbinje-Kujača”. The following data were gathered on damaged trees: tree type, breast height diameter, economic importance of the tree, amount of damage, location of damage, cause of damage, types of damage. Damage was recorded on a total of 305 trees, 133 trees of silver fir (Abies alba), 130 trees of European beech (Fagus sylvatica), 33 trees of European spruce (Picea abies), 8 trees of rowan/mountain-ash (Sorbusaucuparia) and one tree of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). The overall damage intensity was 18.7%, but together with the old damages, the overall number of ‘wounds’ is 496. According to this, when the old damage isalso considered, then the intensity of damage amounts to 30.6%. The largest amount of damage is in the diameter sub-class ranging from 10 to 14.99 cm. According to the cause of damage, the largest amount of damage occurred during the wood extraction phase (217 trees), while during the felling phase, 88 trees or 29% were damaged. Since the wood extraction phase is divided into the winching and skidding phases, the total number of damaged trees during the winching phase amounted to 157 or 52%, while during the skidding phase, the number of damaged trees was 60 or 19%. To reduce damage to the trees during following operations in forest utilisation, it is necessary to perform more frequent training of all employees working on forest utilisation, to increase controls in execution of operations during forest utilisation, modernise machines used during forest exploitation, and in quality manner open compartments with forest road infrastructure., Mehanizacija koja se koristi u iskorištavanju šuma utječe na pojavu oštećenja u sastojini i na šumskom tlu. Istraživanja u ovom radu su imala za cilj utvrđivanje oštećenja na stablima jele i drugih vrsta drvća pri sječi i izradi drvnih sortimenata te privlačenju šumskim zglobnim traktorom.Istraživanja su obavljena u mješovitim šumama bukve i jele sa smrekom na području ŠGP „Glamočko”, G.J. „Hrbinje-Kujača“. Prikupljeni su sljedeći podaci o oštećenim stablima: vrsta drveća, prsni promjer stabla, privredna važnost stabla, broj oštećenja, mjesto oštećenja, uzrok oštećenja, vrsta oštećenja.Oštećenja su evidentirana kod ukupno 305 stabala, 133 stabala jele (Abies alba), 130 stabala bukve (Fagus sylvatica), 33 stabla smreke (Picea abies), osam stabala jarebike (Sorbus aucuparia) i jedno (1) stablo gorskog javora (Acer pseudoplatanus). Ukupan intenzitet oštećenja je iznosio 18,7%, a kad tome pridodamo i stara oštećenja, ukupan broj ozljeda iznosi 496. Prema tomu, kada se u obzir uzmu i stara oštećenja, tada intenzitet oštećenja iznosi 30,6%. Najveći broj oštećenja se nalazi u debljinskom stepenu od 10 do 14,99 cm.Prema uzroku oštećenja, najveći broj oštećenja je nastao prilikom faze privlačenja (217 stabala), dok je prilikom sječe oštećeno 88 ili 29% stabala. Kako je faza privlačenja podijeljena na fazu primicanja i privlačenja, ukupan broj oštećenih stabala tijekom faze primicanja iznosio je 157 ili 52%, dok je tijekom privlačenja broj oštećenih stabala iznosio 60 ili 19%.Da bi se prilikom sljedećih operacija iskorištavanja šuma smanjile štete na stablima, potrebna je češća edukacija svih djelatnika koji obavljaju poslove iskorištavanja šuma, potrebno je povećati kontrole obavljanja svih poslova prilikom iskorištavanja šuma, modernizirati strojeve koji se koriste prilikom eksploatacije šuma te na kvalitetan način otvoriti odjele šumskim komunikacijama.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the productivity and cost of the Urus MIII skyline yarder during extraction of timber from spruce stands in northeast Turkey. The productivity of Urus MIII skyline yarder was determined by using the methods of work and time study. The research results implies that some working characteristics of the Urus MIII skyline yarder such as fuel consumption, load volume, yarding distance, speed of the carriage, time consumption per phases have an important impact on productivity of the skyline yarder. The results indicated that the productivity of Urus MIII skyline yarder was 10.63 m³/hr for average 253 m. Daily productivity was found 84.80 m³. The unit cost of yarder was found to be 30.00 €/hr. Also, the average fuel consumption was 5 liter/hr., Cilj je ovog rada istražiti produktivnost i troškove žičare Urus MIII tijekom iznošenja drva iz sastojina smreke u sjeveroistočnoj Turskoj. Produktivnost žičare Urus MIII određena je uporabom povratne metode studija rada i vremena. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da neke radne karakteristike žičare Urus MIII, kao što su potrošnja goriva, obujam tovara, udaljenost iznošenja, brzina iznošenja i utrošeno vrijeme po ciklusu, imaju važan učinak na produktivnost žičare. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je produktivnost žičare Urus MIII iznosila 10,63 m³/h za srednju udaljenost iznošenja drva od 253 m. Dnevna produktivnost bila je 84,80 m³. Jedinični trošak rada žičare iznosi 30.00 €/h. Također, prosječna potrošnja goriva iznosila je 5 litara/h.

Utvrđivanje utjecaja stanišnih elemenata na prisutnost šumske voluharice i žutogrlog šumskog miša provedeno je u Bosni na tri lokaliteta (Bitovnja, Zvijezda i Igman) u šumama bukve, jele i smreke. U svrhu definiranja uvjeta staništa, na svakoj plohi minimalnog kvadrata procjenjivani su i mjereni sljedeći parametri: prekrivenost zemljišta krošnjama stabala, ekspozicija, mikroreljef, prisutnost vode, drvnih ostataka, starost drvnih ostataka i prekrivenost zemljišta vegetacijom. Dobivenim rezultatima utvrđen je utjecaj navedenih stanišnih parametara na prisutnost šumske voluharice (Myodes glareolus) i žutogrlog šumskog miša (Apodemus falvicollis). Omjer smjese vrsta drveća, ponajprije veća prisutnost listača, kao i sama strukturna izgrađenost sastojine, utječu na povećanu prisutnost sitnih glodavaca. Manje vrijednosti veličine prekrivenosti zemljišta krošnjama stabala omogućavaju značajniju prisutnost šumske voluharice, dok staništa čije su vrijednosti ovog parametra veće, više pogoduju za nastanjivanje žutogrlog šumskog miša. Razvijen sloj prizemne vegetacije i grmlja kao što je Rubus sp., ima pozitivan utjecaj na prisutnost M. glareolus. Šumska voluharica bila je prisutnija na dijelovima sastojine koje su južno i istočno eksponirane u odnosu na druge strane. Količina drvnih ostataka u sastojini kao neophodan zaklon od prirodnih neprijatelja i mjesto na kojemu nalaze hranu, imala je važan utjecaj za prisutnost sitnih glodavaca na svim lokalitetima istraživanja., The increase of the number of population of small rodents, when they can cause significant damage, among the other impacts also depends on the characteristics of the habitat. In this paper was tested the impact of habitats elements to the presence of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and yellow necked mouse (Apodemus falvicollis). The researches were undertaken in the area of Bosnia (Bitovnja, Zvijezda and Igman) in the period 2008 and 2009. Different level of composition of plant communities and the character of human-caused impact on the object of research have enabled the identification of their impact to the presence of small rodents. Defining of types of habitat conditions for these animals was conducted according to the importance of their presence at the parts of plots of minimal square (Picture 1). This method means the determination of numerousness (abundance) of the population of small rodents based on the number of units collected at the total of 64 hunting locations/places. Hunting places of the plot were defined as small plots (micro-localities) the size of which was 15 x 15 m. For the needs of this paper, in the period of research, were placed 9 plots with minimal square, and the assessment of habitat parameters was conducted at the total of 576 small plots. The description of the habitat was intended to find the dependence between the numerousness (abundance) and living ambiance of the present species of small rodents at the researched localities. The pattern for typing (standardization) of the habitat contained the basic factors which individually or in combination describe the living space of these animals. The level of land coverage by tree crowns was defined with three categories: (1) covered, (2) partially covered, and (3) not covered. The assessment of exposure of the small plot had five categories, (1–4) for main sides of the world and (5) flat surface of the small plot. The category micro-relief has contained five elements: (1) flat small plot, (2) small plot with hollows, (3) small plot with elevations, (4) uniformly inclined surface and (5) ') INSERT INTO sve VALUES(201309,56,' 9-10/2013',438,'8,91',' combination of micro-hollows and micro-elevations. Coverage of the land with leaf litter and vegetation as the category had six elements: (1) covered with leaf litter, (2) grass vegetation, (3) combination of two previous elements, (4) without leaf litter or grass vegetation, (5) less presence of weed and (6) weeds more represented. Availability of water was reviewed through two categories: (1) available water, (2) waterless habitat. Quantity of wood remains (1) no remains, (2) medium quantity and (3) more remains present. Age of wood remains had three categories: (1) fresh remains, (2) medium-fresh remains and (3) completely decomposed. For this analysis was used the statistical program SPSS Statistics 17.0. Testing of the importance of the impact of particular ecological parameters was conducted by the analysis Cross Tab, by implementing of the method: Analyze/Descriptive/Crosstab and correlative connection Correlation, Bivariate Correlation, Correlation Coefficient, Spearman, Test of Significance Two – tailed. Based on the examination of the caught species of small rodents (Table 1) was visible its significant representation in forests of beech and fir with spruce in Bosnia and Herzegovina. By conducted analyses was identified the existence of statistically important impact of particular parameters of micro-habitat at plots of all localities to the presence of M. glareolus and A. flavicollis (Tables 2–4). At particular parts of plots, or small plots, the more significant increase of the openness of the surface has contributed to forming of rich layer of ground vegetation. The change of micro-habitat conditions in this sense also had positively reflected to the numerousness (abundance) of M. glareolus (Tables 2 and 4). The favorable impact to its presence also had the intensively developed floor of herbaceous plants in the forest which provides the necessary food. From the aspect of the protection, the dense vegetation cover provides to this species a safe shelter from predators, especially at dusk, and partially also during the day time. The existence of the connection between this habitat parameter and the presence of A. flavicollis was not identified. Such result was expected due to significantly different demands of this species regarding the habitat conditions. This species prefers a dry habitat with almost complete level of canopy, poorly developed layer of brush and ground vegetation and large quantity of leaf litter at the ground with plenty of beech seeds. Significant correlation connection was identified between the presence of species from the genus Rubus and bank mole at Mt. Bitovnja. Namely, Rubus species create favorable place for living of animals at particular micro-habitat providing an adequate shelter and during the ripening of fruits (July-August) also the plenty of food. Significant differences regarding the numerousness of M. glareolus were identified in comparison of numerousness at southern-exposed small plots compared to other exposures (Table 2), and numerousness at eastern-exposed parts of plots compared to the other (Table 3). The impact of the exposure as the result represents in essence the demand of this species for increased heat and light. According to the results of these researches, one could say that for bank mole are favorable habitats with micro-hollows (Table 3). High numbers of these animals are related to the presence of small hollows, or it indicates its preference for moist or wet surfaces of the habitat. There were identified significant differences in numerousness of M. glareolus and A. flavicollis depending on the presence of dead wood (Tables 2, 3 and 4). Different dead wood remains like: assortments, logs and branches, ensure shelter for these animals. It covers underground passages and nests, and, what is also important, indirectly, by growing of plants, moss, lichens and fungi on it, also provide food for it. Fallen trees help the inhabiting of insects and other invertebrates which represent significant share in the nutrition of small rodents. Identified impacts of the presence of different tree species and its structure, and the other parameters of habitat to the representation and abundance of species of small rodents can represent a good starting basis in creating the silviculture works and other activities in the forest, or the forming of conditions of stands unfavorable for their living.

Na trajnoj pokusnoj plohi osnovanoj 1956. godine u 113-godišnjoj kulturi smreke na području Šumarije “Delnice”, G. j. “Delnice”, predjel “Velika Rebar–Sović laz”, praćen je razvoj strukture te obnove sastojine tijekom pet sukcesivnih izmjera (1956, 1957, 1962, 1994. i 2004). Ploha graniči s prirodnom šumom bukve i jele (Omphalodo-Fagetum Marinček et al. 1992) na dolomitu. Neposredna blizina te sastojine odrazila se na povratak bukve, javora, jele i ostalih vrsta drveća i grmlja na svoje prvotno stanište koje je čovjek pretvorio u sjenokošu – laz te prije 161. godinu u kulturu smreke. Na temelju dosadašnjih izmjera razvidno je kako se sastojina sastoji od tri dijela. Dominantni sloj čine posađena stabla smreke, čija je distribucija broja stabala zvonolika s postupnim pomicanjem distribucije u desno, koja postaje razvučenija i spljoštenija. Drugi dio sastojine, podstojni sloj, čini prirodnim putem urasla bukva s pokojim gorskim javorom s izrazito padajućom distribucijom broja stabala. Prirodno urasla jela čini potisnuti dio sastojine, obzirom na male dimenzije i zastupljenost s padajućom distribucijom broja stabala. Izmjera mladog naraštaja ukazuje kako se brojno stanje pomlatka jele u deset godina (1994–2004) povećalo skoro 100 % (sa 4700 na 8950 jedinki po ha), ali niti jedna nije svojom visinom prerasla 30 cm. Brojno stanje mladika bukve je nedostatno (1250 jedinki 1994. godine, a 2004. godine 950 jedinki po ha), a kvaliteta izrazito loša. Javor se u razvojnom stadiju pomlatka i mladika javio obilnije, ali zbog prevelike zastrtosti tla krošnjama smreke i bukve od 88 % te obgrizanja divljači ne osigurava kvalitetnu obnovu. Kultura smreke razvila se na matičnoj podlozi dolomita te na tri glavna tipa tla. Luvisoli se javljaju pretežno u vrtačama (zastupljenost 20 %), dok se rendzine (zastupljenost 30 %) i smeđa tla na dolomitu (zastupljenost 50 %) nalaze na strmijim stranama te na hrptovima. Dobiveni rezultati kemijskih i fizikalnih analiza upućuju kako su tla iz prirodne jelovo-bukove sastojine i livade bogatija hranjivima i humusom od tla iz smrekove kulture. Buduća istraživanja treba usmjeriti u dva usporedna smjera i to praćenjem prirodnog tijeka razvoja smrekove kulture te praćenjem uspjeha obnove primjenom kombiniranih metoda odnove na malim površinama (grupe ili skupine) i razvoju ovih sastojina u pravcu bukovo-jelovih sastojina., For the purpose of monitoring the natural course of development of a planted stand, in 1956 J. Šafar established a permanent experimental plot in a spruce culture. Based on an analysis of 16 spruce trees in 1957, the culture at the time of establishment of the plot was 113 years old, which indicates that the stand was planted in 1843. The plot was established in the “Delnice” Forest Office, Management Unit of Delnice, in the region of Velika Rebar-Sović laz. The plot was used to monitor the natural stand structure development and reforestation of the stand in the period from 1956 to 2004. The area, prior to planting of the spruce, had been a meadow (grass cutting) pasture. The culture was very well preserved which can be attributed to the forest management of the aristocrats Thurn-Taxis (landowners) from 1872 to 1939. The plot borders with a natural forest of beech and fir (Omphalodo-Fagetum Marinček et al, 1992) on dolomite. The immediate vicinity of these stands is reflected in the return of beech, maple, fir and other tree species and shrubs to their original site, which man had transformed into a hayfield-laz and 161 years ago into a spruce culture. The spruce culture during the observed period, and during five successive measurements (1956, 1957, 1962, 1994 and 2004) had unimodal distribution of d b h (number of trees) characteristic of even-aged stands. Distribution of the understory beech and some fir, later ingrown into the spruce culture, showed decreasing distribution of d b h characteristic of selection stands. Measurement of young growth showed that the number of the fir seedling plants during the last ten years (1994–2004) increased by almost 100 % (from 4 700 to 8 950 plants per ha), although not one exceeded 30 cm in height. The number of beech young plants was insufficient (1 250 plants in 1994 and 950 plants in 2004 per ha), of extremely poor quality. In the development stage of seedling plants and young plants maple appeared in greater numbers. However, because of the excessive crown cover over soil by the spruce and beech, amounting to 88 %, and browsing by wild game, it did not achieve reforestation of higher quality. A young spruce stand, under canopy, formed from the seeds of the old spruce culture, exists on the neglected meadow, in a frost-exposed site in the vicinity of the experimental plot. Parental material of dolomite conditions a series of soils: rendzina-brown soil on dolomite – luvisol. Luvisols occur predominantly in sinkholes, while rendzinas and brown soils on dolomite are found on the steeper slopes and on the crests. Brown soils on dolomites are predominant amounting to around 50 %, rendzinas participate with 30 %, and luvisols in sinkholes amount to 20 %. Results achieved from the chemical and physical analyses indicate that the soils from the natural fir-beech stand and meadow are richer with nutrients and humus than the soils from the spruce culture. In view of the present state of the structure and lack of management interventions during the last 42 years, future investigations should be directed in two parallel directions. Namely, monitoring the natural course of spruce culture development and monitoring the success of reforestation by the application of combined methods of reforestation on small areas (groupwise and nestwise) and development of these stands into beech-fir stands.