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Copyright of General Practitioner / Praktický Lékař is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Term postoperative cognitive disorder stands for deterioration of cognitive function after surgery in postoperative period. Evaluation and diagnostics of cognitive disorders in perioperative period were highlighted by the increasing number of geriatric patients undergoing a surgery with general anaesthesia, with the goal of fast recovery and preservation of the quality of life. Deterioration in cognitive function after surgery was originally called postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The definitions of postoperative cognitive dysfunction varied. In order to unite them, in 2018 there were published new recommendations during which the postoperative cognitive dysfunction was replaced by the term perioperative neurocognitive disorder. This was divided based on different time frames of onset to pre-existing neurocognitive disorder, postoperative delirium, delayed neurocognitive disorder and (postoperative) neurocognitive disorder. Main goals of this advanced narrative review were description of terminology, identification of risk factors, prevention, and therapy of perioperative neurocognitive disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence-based public health integrates the best available evidence with the knowledge and judgment of experts and other stakeholders to improve health and protect the population from infectious and environmental risks. Good public health best practices should always identify and take into account the quality of the evidence-making process (such as the design and quality of the study performed), the transparency of the methods and processes used to obtain evidence, and whether the strength of supporting evidence has been assessed. The basic tools for obtaining evidence for public health include systematic review (SR), risk assessment, economic analysis (cost-effectiveness studies), surveillance and expert panels or consensus conferences. SRs represent the most important and most valuable types of studies. They summarize all the research published so far, assess its quality and determine the strength of the recommendations, thus providing decision-making powers to public health professionals and policy makers. This article aims to describe the basic focus of practice guidelines in public health and presents a brief proposal of an algorithm for the development, adaptation, implementation and evaluation of evidence-based guidelines in the field of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organization of public health (PH) interventions usually does not concern the doctor himself, but whole groups of experts, professional societies up to political decisions. Evidence-based public health (EBPH) also affects population health policy. In this context, „evidence-based policy" is sometimes referred to, where evidence of the effectiveness and efficiency of the intended intervention is also required in policy making. The most pressing problem of PH is usually not enough evidence that „something" is to be done, but the lack of evidence for „what" or „how" to be done. In the broad field of EBPH, there is still a lack of conceptual frameworks setting out „how much" and „how good" evidence is needed, or at least sufficient, for policy decisions on public health interventions and programs. The need to harmonize and standardize the development of guidelines, including the evaluation of their quality and regular re-evaluation, are among the most fundamental requirements. Knowledge of the epidemiological situation in a particular country or region, and over given period of time, as well as modeling of further possible developments, are essential for making relevant recommendations. For example, the outputs of surveillance systems, risk assessments, cost-effectiveness analyzes, or consensual „evidence" also serve as evidence for public health. The process of guidelines development consists of the phases of planning, realization, publication, implementation, evaluation, and revision. Proven standardized methods are to be used in each of these phases. This article aims to summarize methods of creating, adapting, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based best practices in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the report is to determine the risk factors of mothers whose infant died of suffocation before reaching the 1st year of age. Methods: The research method of choice was a retrospective content analysis of autopsy reports from medical and forensic autopsies of infants under 1 year of age. Each autopsy report was conceived as a case study. The research sample included the autopsy reports of children where the immediate cause and mechanism of death was suffocation – both of internal and external reasons (n=11). The social risk factors of mothers were identified based on the mechanism and circumstances of their infant's death. The only case where the expert opinion allowed for SIDS became the verifying unit of the analysis of other cases in the case study series. Results: The qualitative analysis of the whole series showed that the cases may be sorted in two basic categories. The first one included the cases where the infant's death had a direct cause (n=6); in these cases, the clearly violent death was directly connected – with respect to the cause and time – with the hostile actions of another person. The other category included cases of neglect and other types of conduct (n=5). These cases were further divided into actions under the influence of drugs and insufficient care. Conclusion: The results confirmed the importance of social risks of mothers (SES, accommodation, social exclusion, family relations, health literacy of the mothers). The analysis of the autopsy reports revealed the social feature of the cases of infant death by suffocation, which is the cumulative effect of the difficult life situation of the mothers combined with their low level of health literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of General Practitioner / Praktický Lékař is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Hippocratic oath is a most famous, commented and hotly discussed medical ethical text in the Western world. It has become an important ever-present ethical message for medicine, showing remarkable permeability through centuries and various cultures. In modern days its principles are being re-formulated to meet the requirements of medical graduation pledges thus getting symbolically incorporated into the medical status. The medical pledges used in the Czech Republic are always a part of the statute of the respective medical faculty. In total there are 3 versions of the medical pledges. All of them include such principles as respect for teachers, protection and transfer of knowledge, patient protection from harm, maintenance of purity of thought and obligations for patients irrespective of race, nationality, political and/or social attitudes. On the contrary, some of the original issues are absent in all the pledges, namely collegiality among doctors, free education, healthy lifestyle for patients, non-implementation of surgical procedures, avoidance of abortion drugs and sexual contacts with patients. The Hippocratic oath represents an historical text in numerous versions, but still it is all the time relevant. It focuses attention of the society on fundamental, evergreen questions of the medical ethics and confirms significance of the medical pledges as well as public declarations of commitments for doctors' integrity in full awareness of their responsibility to the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this repeated investigation in work satisfaction in general nurses was to determine key factors of working environment, which are responsible for the staff turnover of nurses. The survey of factors of working environment was composed according to motivation theory of F. Herzberg. The first extensive investigation was executed in 2006, and the second representative one was performed in 2011. The basic principle of the research design was double evaluation of factors of working environment. At first the nurses classified the factors according to their own value preferences, subsequently according to the degree of their fulfillment from the employer side. The paper presents the results from the year 2011 and the statistical evaluation was based on the Euclidean distance model test. Methods and cohort: The method of data collection used the structure interview, the interviewer sheet being the research tool. The general nurses, who work in the hospitals in the Czech Republic, represented the target group, in a total of 1992 nurses. A statistical test based on the determination of their order and distances was used for processing of individual factors. The relation between work satisfaction and tendency for staff turnover was determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: Key factors of the work environment (the order is always according to importance) follow the personal preference of general nurses: wage, care of patients and assurance of the position. The distance among the factors revealed absolute priority of the first two factors (wage, care of the patients). Factors which were proved to represent the highest difference between personal preferences and their fulfillment from the side of the employers are: wage, assurance of the position and working climate and evaluation according to distance revealed wage as the most significant unfulfilled factor. Most nurses (91.6%) demonstrate working satisfaction. In contrast, when a suitable situation comes, 35% of them is prepared to leave the job certainly or rather than not. A significant correlation was also found between work satisfaction and the intention to leave the employer (r = -0.510). Conclusion: The research presents the possibility to determine the factors of work satisfaction simultaneously with the evaluation of the employer. The advantage lays in the possibility to determine divergence between personal preferences of the general nurses and their felt saturation from the side of the employer. The selected statistical test makes it possible to determine the order of priorities as well as emotional distance between individual priorities. These results give transparent and effective outcome for the management of human resources in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Occupational Medicine / Pracovní Lékarství is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)