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Copyright of General Practitioner / Praktický Lékař is the property of Czech Medical Association of JE Purkyne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microorganisms present in the upper respiratory tract play an important role not only as agents of acute or chronic diseases, but also as a natural barrier against pathogens. This article summarizes the knowledge about the structure and importance of the upper respiratory tract microbiome and the factors that affect it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bariatric surgeries, originally designed exclusively to achieve weight loss in morbidly obese patients, have also been unequivocally proven as having additional positive impacts on patients' glycaemic profiles and limiting metabolic comorbidities. Based on these findings, metabolic surgery became a term for procedures not aimed to achieve weight loss as a primary outcome, but rather to help treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases tied to obesity. In light of the fact that both bariatric and metabolic effects are observed after a procedure, we prefer to call these procedures more aptly bariatric/metabolic surgery. Based on randomized studies, we confirmed higher efficacy of metabolic surgery for improving glycaemic profiles for patients in comparison to conservative approaches (i.e., lifestyle changes, diet regimes, or taking medicaments). These novel results place bariatric/metabolic surgery among standard procedures to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, our findings suggest lowering a current BMI recommendation threshold for a procedure for individuals with 35 BMI (kg/m2) down to 30 BMI (kg/m2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]