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At present, blockchain technology has been applied in different fields such as finance, Internet of Things, logistics, digital copyright, and public services, but it is less used in the field of paper-cut animation. Therefore, the use of blockchain to design a copyright protection model for paper-cut animation design based on blockchain is crucial to the progress of paper-cut animation design. This work combines various technologies such as blockchain technology, InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) technology, and Node.js technology for integrated design and construction. In the construction of the system model, the relevant characteristics of the blockchain technology show that the blockchain can provide a new and effective method for digital copyright protection; IPFS technology provides distributed and secure storage for massive amounts of oil and gas knowledge and achievement data; and the relevant development framework and technical characteristics of Node.js technology provide a reliable programming foundation for the realization of the system. Through the construction of the digital copyright protection system model based on the blockchain, the blockchain technology is used to realize the protection of the digital copyright of the knowledge achievement data of paper-cut animation. The results show that the model has high security and is more economical and practical than other existing models. In a word, the copyright protection model of paper-cut animation design based on blockchain can fully protect the rights and interests of creative talents of paper-cut animation, thereby promoting the progress of paper-cut animation industry.

The paper industry is one of the biggest sources of trash and stands out for its effects on both human health and ecological harmony. However, these waste could also help the building sector become more ecologically friendly. Beyond ecological considerations, modern construction often requires materials to make concrete durable, resisting heavy loads and less harmful environmental influences. This creates opportunities for waste management and practical application. This review provides a detail overview of eco-friendly construction ideas that deal with the practical use of materials that are often discarded (paper pulp ash). The impact they had on the characteristics of the construction material, the best mixture composition, and a discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of the “green” addition received the majority of the attention (paper pulp ash). The essential concrete properties such as consistency, setting time, flowability, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength, and impact strength are reviewed. Furthermore, the cost benefits and environmental benefits of paper pulp ash as construction materials are also discussed. The study concludes by suggesting a line of inquiry for the creation of an environmentally friendly structural material for a sustainable future.

Barrier properties are very important in food packaging; the better the properties, the longer the product can stay fresh in the packaging, which prolongs the shelf life of the product. One way of improving barrier properties is to modifying the existing coatings with the addition of metal oxides, nanoparticles, or natural extracts. The aim of the study was to compare the barrier properties between paper coated with starch and paper coated with starch and black cherry extract mix. Prunus serotina extracts were prepared by ultrasonic extraction in 60°C water. The extracts were then filtrated and evaporated to obtain a constant mass. The reference coatings were prepared by dissolving starch in hot water to obtain a solution of 30%. The experimental coatings were prepared by substituting 10% starch for black cherry extract. Coatings were applied on the paper by laboratory coater in two thicknesses: c.a. 7 and 15 g/m2. The papers were characterised by grammage, coating weight, porosity, and roughness. Barrier properties were tested by following methods: Cobb-Unger, KIT, water vapour transmission rate, and heptane vapour transmission rate. Papers coated with formulations including extract had better barrier properties against oils and waxes, better results in KIT, Cobb-Unger, and heptane vapour transmission rate tests. The results of the water vapour transmission rate test as well as porosity and roughness were the same for papers coated with and without extract addition, they were influenced by the thickness of the coating, not the extract addition. The addition of black cherry extract influenced the barrier properties of the coated paper, and the extract improved the properties against oils and waxes.

Many materials have been explored for the purpose of creating structures with high radiative cooling potential, such as nanocellulose-based structures and nanoparticle-based coatings, which have been reported with environmentally friendly attributes and high solar reflectance in current literature. They each have their own advantages and disadvantages in practice. It is worth noting that nanocellulose-based structures have an absorption peak in the UV wavelengths, which results in a lower total solar reflectance and, consequently, reduce radiative cooling capabilities. However, the interwoven-fiber structure of cellulose gives high mechanical strength, which promotes its application in different scenarios. The application of nanoplatelet-based coatings is limited due to the need for high volume of nanoparticles to reach their signature high solar reflectance. This requirement weakens the polymer matrix and results in more brittle structures. This work proposes a dual-layer system, comprising of a cellulose-based substrate as the bottom layer and a thin nanoparticle-based radiative cooling paint as the top layer, where both radiative cooling potential and mechanical strength can be maximized. Experimental and theoretical studies are conducted to investigate the relationship between thickness and reflectance in the top coating layer with a consistent thickness of the bottom layer. The saturation point is identified in this relationship and used to determine the optimal thickness for the top-layer to maximize material use efficiency. With the use of cotton paper painted with a 125 μm BaSO4-based layer, the cooling performance is enhanced to be 149.6 W/m2 achieved by the improved total solar reflectance from 80 % to 93 %.

Oil-impregnated paper is the most widely used insulating material for power transformers. Power transformers inevitably generate a lot of heat during operation. Among them, thermal aging is one of the main forms of aging for insulating paper. In this study, the ab initio molecular dynamics method based on the density functional theory is used to simulate the cracking mechanism of cellobiose under transient high temperature. The results show that the cellobiose is relatively stable at 343 K, the motility of the cellobiose is enhanced at 1,800 K, the cellobiose starts to decompose at 2,400 K, and new characteristic products are formed at 3,000 K. The characteristic products include CO, H2O, CH3OH, H2, and CH4. These characteristic products can represent the degree of cracking of insulating paper. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the mechanism of cracking of insulating paper caused by transient high temperature.

The use of orthometric height in geodetic applications provides elevations on the physical topographic surface of the earth rather than ellipsoidal heights that are not in conformity with the physical topography. Global positioning system (GPS)/levelling produces ellipsoidal heights that are not consistent with levelled heights above mean sea level. The study provides a practical solution of using the GPS levelling approach or the geoidal heights aimed at providing local orthometric height. Many research studies were conducted with a view of finding a viable solution to the derived orthometric heights. It was revealed that the research studies conducted were found lacking in the use of only lower order numerical solutions models, which limit the accuracy derived from the model, the use of online post-processing, RTKlib, and other non-precise software to obtain the coordinates of the stations used in the derivation of orthometric. Finally, the use of gravimetric data, with its temporal variation problem, poses a threat to the derivation of orthometric height, so also to the accuracy of the developed model. Considering factors while developing models for orthometric heights improves the accuracy in achieving required heights for geodetic applications and aids in fast-tracking mapping.

Paper is the most abundant and inexpensive polymeric structure of cellulose available. Paper has micro-porous capillary-like networks which are responsible for flow of solvents instead of pumps or electronic power, making paper an ideally usable tool. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices use fabricated paper devices on which hydrophilic zones are formed within hydrophobic barriers. Hydrophilic zones act as regions for actual analytical purposes, whereas hydrophobic zones act to demarcate separate zones from one another. Clinically, these devices have been proved to be excellent point-of-care-devices in diagnosis which can bypass use of costly and time-consuming laboratory techniques. In the presented review, the basic principles and components involved in the design of paper-based devices were then summarised in understandable manner. Further, various applications in different fields were also compiled in the form of text under different sections and tables. Paper-based analytical devices may serve as an excellent tool in variety of analytical works as these techniques are simple, rapid, economic, and require less human power or trainings. They have prominent applications in analysis of biological fluids, drugs/metabolites, food stuffs, colorants, biomarkers, and several other fields.

The rapid economic growth and environmental concerns have led to high demands on paper and paper-based products in terms of variety, quantity, quality, and specialty. Enhancement and functionalization with additives are constantly required. Moving away from traditional petroleum-based additives, researchers have attempted to use “green” nanoadditives by introducing renewable environmentally friendly nanocellulose. This article studies the functions of nanocellulose as bio-additives (enhancer, retention and filtration reagent, and coating aid) in paper and paper products, and overviews the research development of nanocellulose-based additives and their applications in the paper industry for both efficient production and paper functionalization. The review shows that (1) a variety of nanocellulose-based bioadditives have been reported for various applications in paper and paper-based products, while commercially viable developments are to be advanced; (2) nanocellulose was mostly formulated with other polymer and particles as additives to achieve their synergistic effects; (3) major interests have concentrated on the nanocellulose in the specialty papers as representing more value added products and in the efficient utilization of recycled fibers, which remains most attractive and promising for future development. This report shall provide most useful database information for researchers and industries for paper recycling and enhancement, and paper-based products innovation and application.

In the tourism industry, the sales of local specialties is an important part, and the package design and integrity of the specialties are very important. This paper first introduced the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm that was used for detecting defects on the surface of paper packages. Then, the design of red wind packages was briefly described, and the simulation experiment was carried out on SVM algorithm using red wine packages with different degrees of surface defects. Proper parameters were tested using the k-fold cross-validation method. The results demonstrated that the properties of paper improved the value of packages and the SVM algorithm had better accuracy than artificial recognition in recognizing different degrees of defects on the surface of packages. In conclusion, this paper describes the application of paper in packages and provides an effective method for the defection of defects on the surface of packages. This study provides an effective references to the improvement of package values and the enhancement of package integrity.

With concepts like the consumer revolution or the industrious revolution, the changing behaviour of private households in the 18th and early 19th centuries has become of great interest. The article suggests a new way to observe intentions and decisions, by utilizing a database of 850,000 classified ads from the Basel Avisblatt over a span of 116 years. Changes in food prices constantly altered the discretionary income of households, which forced budget-related decisions. By cross-correlating indicators of discretionary income with the changing number of different types of ads, patterns of utilizing the Avisblatt can be identified, and strategies to stabilize discretionary income deduced.

The paper corrugation tube is an innovative kind of energy absorbing structure and shock absorber which can play an important role on the cushioning energy absorption for airdrop equipments and transportation packaging. The deformation characteristics and failure modes of the regular triangle, quadrangle, pentagon and hexagon paper corrugation tubes were comparatively studied by a series of axial static compression experiments, the cushioning energy absorption was evaluated by the seven characteristic parameters (e.g. initial peak force, mean crush force, total energy absorption, specific energy absorption, crush force efficiency, unit area energy absorption and stroke efficiency), and the influences of tube direction, cross-sectional shape, tube length and compression rate on failure modes and cushioning energy absorption were analyzed and compared. These researches showed that the tubes along X direction only have the accordion deformation mode, yet the tubes along Y direction have four deformation modes including steady state progressive buckling, Euler buckling, angular tear and transverse shear. For the paper corrugation tubes along Y direction, the cross-sectional shape has obvious influence on the cushioning energy absorption of structures, and the specific energy absorption and unit area energy absorption of regular triangle and pentagon tubes are better than those of the tubes with regular quadrilateral and hexagonal cross-section at compression rates of 12 and 48mm/min. The tube length of 150 mm or compression rate of 72 mm/min would cause the increase of contribution proportion of non-ideal deformation mode and the decrease of cushioning properties. The paper corrugation tubes along X direction have more stable and controllable deformation mode, yet the paper corrugation tubes along Y direction have better cushioning energy absorption.

The paper corrugation tube is an attractive and innovative mode of cushioning protection and energy absorption for the general protection and packaging technology of military and civil products. The aims of this paper focus on the dynamic compression characteristics of four kinds of regular polygonal paper corrugation tubes under the conditions of axial drop impacts, and the influence rules of structural parameters and load parameters on the dynamic cushioning energy absorption. The results show that, the tube direction has a crucial effect on the deformation mode of the paper corrugation tubes, the deformation of X-direction paper corrugation tubes has a stable accordion mode, but that of Y-direction paper corrugation tubes is a mixture of steady progressive buckling and other non-ideal modes. The X-direction paper corrugation tubes have lower peak stress, stable and controllable deformation mode with multiple folds, and higher total energy absorption, unit area energy absorption, specific energy absorption and stroke efficiency than the Y-direction paper corrugation tubes. Moreover, the change of cross-section shape of X-direction paper corrugation tubes has no obvious influence on the total energy absorption, while the total energy absorption of Y-direction paper corrugation tube obviously rises with the increase of the number of cross-section edges of the tubes, but the unit area energy absorption, specific energy absorption and stroke efficiency decrease with the increase of the number of cross-section edges of the tubes. Moreover, the increase of the number of cross-section edges of the tubes made the total energy absorption of Y-direction tubes rise, while the total energy absorption of X-direction tubes has no obvious change. But the unit area energy absorption, specific energy absorption and stroke efficiency decrease with the increase of the number of cross-section edges of the tubes. Furthermore, the tube length, impact block mass and impact energy have also important influence on the cushioning energy absorption of the paper corrugation tubes under axial drop impact.

The radical proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and their infections causes significant issues for human health and the environment. Today, biopolymers are used to produce different nanoparticles. In the present investigation, the fabricated chitosan/agar-silver nanoparticles (Cht/Ar-AgNPs)-coated papers were tested for antibacterial applications. Agar was used as a reducing agent for the synthesis of AgNPs. Synthesized Ar-AgNPs were examined through optical, phase crystallinity and topological analysis. Cht and Ar-AgNPs solution was mixed with various ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, and 5:5 by weight. In addition to that, the conformity of Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers was characterized by structural, spectral, and morphological analysis. However, Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated papers were subjected to antibacterial properties. The ratio of (6:4) Cht/Ar-AgNPs-coated paper showed excellent antibacterial agent, and it can be used as extending the food product shelf life.

The paper industry is an essential but energy-intensive economic sector. This study aims to propose an appropriate inventory method to first determine the GHG emission factor in the life cycle of paper products of Vietnam. The approach overcomes the limitations of the ISO 14067 method by including the environmental burdens from the paper mill’s processes. In 2018, the amount of GHG emitted from cradle to gate when producing a ton of carton box, writing paper, and tissue products (EFCO2eq{\text{EF}}_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2eq}}}) was 1,366 kg CO2eq, 1,224 kg CO2eq, and 751 kg CO2eq, respectively. High energy intensity is identified as the main reason that causes high life cycle analysis (LCA) GHG emission factors and virgin paper-based products often emit higher LCA GHG amounts than recycled paper-based products. To reduce the emission, the Vietnamese paper mills should increase the use of recycled paper and replace fossil fuels with environmentally friendly energy resources.

Preprints are not only a raw form of research presentation, but also increasingly used as a gateway of entry into peer-reviewed journals. Several preprint servers are in existence, and some serve specific thematic groups or specialties, while others have a broader thematic scope. In this letter, we examined 36 preprint servers in March of 2023, noting that the majority (27/36 or 75%) accept opinion papers, two have an unclear, unstated, or unknown set of policies, while seven, including some of the most popular (biorXiv, medRxiv, Research Square), do not explicitly accommodate opinion papers. We opine that it would be in the interests of those preprint servers that do not publish opinion papers or evidence-based opinion papers to modify their scope of manuscript types in order to expand their user base and attract more participating scientists, but also to provide a more holistic set of scientific publishing objectives that accommodates a wider and more inclusive range of views.

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) is a tree species that has many economic, ecological, and social uses. This study developed an efficient protocol for regenerating shoots from leaf explants using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs), which play vital roles in shoot regeneration. The best result, 86.67% induction frequency and 4.35 shoots per explant, was obtained in the MS medium containing 2.0 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.05 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid. The effects of explant age, orientation, and genotype were also investigated. Explants from young leaves had a greater regeneration frequency than those from old leaves, and the results were better when the distal end of the leaf explant contacted the medium versus the proximal end. Approximately 70.96% of the shoots rooted well in the MS medium containing 0.4 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Although some genotypes achieved poorer results, the regeneration protocol is still applicable for mass multiplication and genetic transformation.

We developed a surfactant-free spray coating process to coat commercial cellulose-based paper with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and prepared paper-CNTs current collectors for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The paper-CNTs were used as current collectors for replacing conventional aluminum foil. Li-ion batteries assembled using paper-CNTs were coated with LiFePO4 as the active material and used as cathodes with Li as the anode, and the assembled LIBs showed a high energy density of 460 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 250 W kg−1. These electrodes were stable even at a current density as high as 600 mA g−1, and showed cycling stability for ~450 cycles at 150 mAh g−1. Furthermore, paper-CNTs based electrodes showed ~17% improvement in areal capacity compared to commercial aluminum-based electrodes suggesting that paper-CNTs can readily displace Al foils as current collectors.

Nowadays, there is paying an attention to the utilization of natural, renewable and biodegradable resources of raw materials of lignocellulosic character, residues from agricultural crops and wood processing as well as waste from papermaking industry in building composite materials preparing. Also recycled fibres coming from waste paper are considered as valuable material. The objective of this study is to utilize these recycled cellulosic fibres into cement composites and characterise their impact on resulting physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened cement composites. Manufactured cement composites contained 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5% addition of cellulosic fibres. In fresh fibre cement mixtures reduction in workability with increasing amount of cellulose fibres was noticed. Density as well as compressive and flexural strength of 28 and 90 days hardened fibre cement composites was tested. Distribution of cellulosic fibres with 0.5% addition in hardened fibre cement composites was also observed. The results of density determination of 28 and 90 days hardened fibre cement composites showed reduction in their values related to weight lighter concretes. Compressive strengths of fibre cement composites have shown decreasing character with increasing added amount of cellulosic fibres into the mixture up to 0.5%. Maximal decrease in compressive strength values was observed in composites containing 0.5% of cellulosic fibres. However, obtained strength parameter values of hardened composites had satisfying results for their application in construction as non-load bearing building material.

For product packaging, the visual elements in it can further enhance the appeal of the package to customers. This article briefly introduces visual elements and packaging design and made an example analysis with the gift packaging design of Squirrel Design Studio. In the case study, the packaging design of the studio’s mirror, storage bag, and puzzle was rated by hierarchical analysis and questionnaires, and the packaging design was analyzed based on the rating results. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was also used to evaluate packages in batches. The results showed that the CNN could make a batch evaluation of gift packaging design accurately; the three gift packaging designs were based on the studio’s logo, making the ratings similar; in addition, the packaging design patterns were composed of different geometric shapes to show the studio’s innovative design theme, and the squirrel silhouette and text description were used to strengthen the impression of the studio among customers.

Chronic pain and breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) have a high prevalence in all cancer types and cancer stages, combined with a significant physical, psychological, and economic burden. Despite efforts to improve appropriate management of cancer pain, a poor assessment and guilty undertreatment are still reported in many countries. The purpose of this expert opinion paper is to contribute to reduce and clarify these issues with a multidisciplinary perspective in order to share virtuous paths of care.

The attractive structural and mechanical properties of cellulose substrates (paper, cloth, and thread), including passive fluid transport, biocompatibility, durability, and flexibility, have attracted researchers in the past few decades to explore them as alternative microfluidic platforms. The incorporation of electrochemical (EC) sensing broadened their use for applications such as clinical diagnosis, pharmaceutical chemical analyses, food quality, and environmental monitoring. This article provides a review on the microfluidic devices constructed on paper, cloth, and thread substrates. It begins with an overview on paper-based microfluidic devices, followed by an in-depth review on the various applications of EC detection incorporated on paper-based microfluidic devices reported to date. The review on paper-based microfluidic devices attempts to convey a few perspective directions that cloth- and thread-based microfluidic devices may take in its development. Finally, the research efforts on the development and evaluation, as well as current limitations of cloth- and thread-based microfluidic devices are discussed. Microfluidic devices constructed on paper, cloth, and thread substrates are still at an early development stage (prototype) requiring several improvements in terms of fabrication, analytical techniques, and performance to become mature platforms that can be adapted and commercialized as real world products. However, they hold a promising potential as wearable devices.

Recycled handsheets were prepared from old newspapers and old office papers with internal sizing applications of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) emulsion at 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% addition levels as received basis. Handsheets made at 80 g/m2 were air dried and oven dried as placed in drying rings followed by conditioning prior to testing. The contact angle, surface energy and drop volume changes of handsheets were carefully measured as well as used some offset printing applications. Freeness levels of pulp from newspapers and office papers were measured to be 65 and 45 SR°, respectively. It was confirmed that AKD sizing improved paper resistance against water and printing ink, and this was further improved with oven drying. Contact angle values obtained from oven-dried office papers and newspapers were in the range of 105°–95° and 85°–75°, respectively. Without drying, lowest contact angles from newspapers and office papers were recorded to be around 72° and 37°, respectively. Results were in agreement with surface energy values of samples which were around 60 mJ/m2 for air-dried samples and over 30 mJ/m2 for oven-dried handsheets. It was concluded that sizing actually improves print quality but may also increase colour change differences over time as represented by ΔE.

Many materials have been explored for the purpose of creating structures with high radiative cooling potential, such as nanocellulose-based structures and nanoparticle-based coatings, which have been reported with environmentally friendly attributes and high solar reflectance in current literature. They each have their own advantages and disadvantages in practice. It is worth noting that nanocellulose-based structures have an absorption peak in the UV wavelengths, which results in a lower total solar reflectance and, consequently, reduce radiative cooling capabilities. However, the interwoven-fiber structure of cellulose gives high mechanical strength, which promotes its application in different scenarios. The application of nanoplatelet-based coatings is limited due to the need for high volume of nanoparticles to reach their signature high solar reflectance. This requirement weakens the polymer matrix and results in more brittle structures. This work proposes a dual-layer system, comprising of a cellulose-based substrate as the bottom layer and a thin nanoparticle-based radiative cooling paint as the top layer, where both radiative cooling potential and mechanical strength can be maximized. Experimental and theoretical studies are conducted to investigate the relationship between thickness and reflectance in the top coating layer with a consistent thickness of the bottom layer. The saturation point is identified in this relationship and used to determine the optimal thickness for the top-layer to maximize material use efficiency. With the use of cotton paper painted with a 125 μm BaSO4-based layer, the cooling performance is enhanced to be 149.6 W/m2 achieved by the improved total solar reflectance from 80 % to 93 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper diagnostics are devices made of paper and cellulosic materials to recognize and quantify biomolecules and chemical agents affecting health. There has been a rapid increase in interest for paper-based diagnostic methods in recent years. This is because paper is cheap, widely available, easily engineered, biodegradable, combustible, biocompatible, sterilizable, hydrophilic, and easy to functionalize and process into diagnostic devices. Paper is a very attractive substrate to develop as a low-cost diagnostic platform. Paper can serve four functions in a diagnostic: 1) transport and measurement of sample and analytes, 2) reaction support, 3) separation of reactants from products, and 4) communication of results. When an aqueous analyte, such as blood, saliva, urine or feces is tested using a paper diagnostics analytical device (PAD), the fluid is driven by capillary flow induced by the porous and hydrophilic structure of the cellulose fibers, causing wicking through the paper inter-fiber space. Should hydrophobic barriers be formed onto or within paper, microfluidic systems can be created, allowing for the passive transport of the analyte. This article has four sections. The first presents paper as a composite and highlights its properties and attributes with respect to modern paper diagnostics needs. Functional printing is presented as a technology to manufacture paper diagnostics. The second section analyzes paper diagnostic design. PADs based on one dimension (1D), 2D and 3D flow, the methods of reporting, and the principles of detection are reviewed. The third section investigates applications in health and medicine for paper diagnostics in terms of clinical diagnostics, physiological disorders, and pathogenic diseases. The last section presents an analytical perspective of some of the critical issues. It is the objective of this article to analyze paper as a viable technology for producing low-cost medical analysis and to delimit the range of applications and potential best suited to paper diagnostics.

In this work, standard laboratory printing applications with IGT (ISO 12647-2) were applied on uncoated and matte-coated papers using offset inks (DIN ISO 2846-1). Surface roughnesses of uncoated and coated sheets were recorded to be 195 and 13 ml/min, respectively. Air permanence values of uncoated and coated papers were found to be 5.6 and 0.103 μm/Pa·s, respectively. Changes in the print densities were recorded up to 48 h. Print density changes for uncoated and matte-coated papers were surprisingly found to be in similar paths (8% in the first 4 h), although significant differences between surface roughnesses were recorded. Furthermore, paper samples showed similar behaviors for the percent volume changes, where drop volume disappeared within 6 min. It is concluded that matte coating did not have any significant effects on print density change and drop volume change.

The purpose of this short note is to present a correction of the proof of the main result given in the paper “Equivalence of the existence of best proximity points and best proximity pairs for cyclic and noncyclic nonexpansive mappings,” Demonstr. Math. 53 (2020), 38–43.

We define a Landmark Paper Index (LPI), calculate and analyze indices for all papers published in rheological journals (‘η-journals’) between 1990 and 2006. This paper offers some information about the criteria influencing the impact of publications on the (scientific) community. In opposite to the well known Impact Factor (journal sensitive) or the number of citations (article sensitive, publication year insensitive) the LPI helps to identify established and potential breakthrough contributions by considering the number of citations per year after publication, in a way which does not overestimate the few, highly cited, articles when performing averages. We discuss the effect of formal criteria on the LPI.

A series of 2-hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (HACC) was prepared by the reaction of chitosan with glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Structure of HACC was characterized by FT IR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and it was proved that substitution reaction mainly occurs on the N element. Antimicrobial activities of HACC was examined against S. aureus, E. coli, and A. niger. Results indicatd that the inhibitory effects of HACC solutions were varied with HACC concentration, quaternization degrees, pH values, metal ions, and heat treatment. The antimicrobial properties of handsheets prepared from HACC were studied by the inhibition zone method, and the sheets had good antimicrobial properties against S. aureus and E. coli, and low inhibition rate against A. niger.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were successfully prepared using chemical vapor deposition method on nickel-coated silicon substrates. The CNTs were then modified to obtain functionalized ends. Afterward, acrylate polymers were successfully grafted on the surface of CNTs by atom transfer radical polymerization method. The synthesis process was optimized by studying the surface properties of the composite films. It revealed the existence of chemical bonding between CNTs and polymers. The introduction of CNTs into polymers could improve the water resistance of films. Micro/nano and papillary structures similar to that of lotus leaf were obtained when the polymer matrix was partly etched. The excellent fluid drag reduction performances of film surfaces were expected to be applied in microfluid devices and packaging field.