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This paper addresses the vexed question of the origins and nature of archaic Greek tyranny by focusing on the conceptual roots of the phenomenon, namely by investigating the political significance and implications of the Luwian notion of tarrawanni-, 'just, justice,' the term from which Greek tyrannos is believed to derive. Firstly, the paper shows how both Neo-Hittite and early Greek societies display a similar attitude towards justice as a key element for political legitimation. After concluding, however, that this commonality is not enough to explain why the Greeks borrowed the concept of tarrawanni- as tyrannos, the paper moves on to examining what specific way of doing politics is captured by the two concepts, arguing that they identify a type of political actor that exercises supreme powers independently of any kind of institutional arrangement. Finally, the paper discusses reasons, modalities, contexts, and timing of the transmission of Luwian tarrawanni- into Greek. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper sets out to examine the military spending-public debt nexus in the case of Greece. Unlike previous studies that exclusively focus their analyses in the post-WWII period, the empirical investigation conducted herein covers almost the entire two hundred years of the modern Greek state. The estimations using an ARDL framework cover the period 1848–2018 as well as sub-periods therein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to approach this issue in the case of Greece with such a long-term perspective. In broad terms, the findings do not unearth a statistically traceable effect of defence expenditures on public debt accumulation. The results indicate that this was very much driven by debt dynamics and the need to draw funds to service existing loans. This finding is consistent across both the entire period under scrutiny here as well as the various sub-periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The void ab initio theory is traditionally associated with the retroactive effect of the unconstitutionality of a statute, in diffused systems of judicial review; as opposed to the prospective effect of unconstitutionality, in Austria, the archetype of centralized judicial review. The paper argues that the void ab initio theory goes far beyond the time-factor of judicial review, having two complementary aspects: 1) The void ab initio theory is tied to a robust theory of negative liberty; and substantive criminal law is its privileged field of application. The void ab initio theory goes back to Marbury v Madison (1803). 2) The void ab initio theory was strongly criticized by Kelsen, whose criticism is accurate, when the theory is unduly extended to the unconstitutionality of laws curtailing positive rights of the welfare state, eg, salaries and pensions, as happened recently in Greece. The act which abolishes the unconstitutional statute retroactively, has 'the character of a legislative act.' Indeed, the void ab initio theory in the field of positive social rights encroaches on legislative competence. The paper cocludes that the void ab initio theory is a strong expression of the ethos of legality; The void ab initio is most adequate for (cases involving) legal sanctions, on legal grounds, over adjudicative facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To complement existing synchronic typological studies of the marking strategies of (past) habituality, this paper details the diachronic paths leading to and from past habitual constructions. The rich corpus evidence from the diachrony of Ancient Greek demonstrates at least four source constructions: (1) past counterfactual mood (in optative and indicative), (2) futures in the past, (3) iteratives (with -sk) and (4) lexical sources with semantic affinity to habituality (volition, habit, love). It is argued that the former two acquire habitual meaning through an invited inference of epistemic certainty of the statement by the speaker: what certainly would have happened in the knowable past is implied to be characteristic of the past. The past forms with the so-called iterative -sk (3) suffix follow the cross-linguistically frequent evolution of pluractional constructions through a form of semantic bleaching: past iterative > frequentative > habitual > habitual imperfective. Lexical sources (4) first acquire habitual meaning in the present after which only the more heavily grammaticalized ones receive past habitual usage through semantic bleaching and generalization of usage (as reflected by host class expansions). The paper is concluded with a diachronic map of these paths into habituality and the paths leading from past habituality into other domains such as genericity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than a year after the introduction of vaccines against COVID-19, inoculation remains inconsistent and variable across countries. In this paper, we introduce a multi-item scale of COVID-19 related misinformation, skepticism, and conspiracy theories and investigate the effects of these beliefs on vaccine hesitancy. We report findings from a survey in Greece where participants were recruited via paid advertising on Facebook and the study sample was adjusted for demographic variables using a nationally representative reference sample. We show that the endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs is the primary factor driving vaccine hesitancy, far exceeding the effect of all other demographic and attitudinal variables, including health status. Furthermore, a pre-registered randomized survey experiment showed that the effect cannot be attributed to respondents' exposure to the COVID-19 conspiracy theory questions of the survey. The paper concludes by discussing potential public policy implications for combating misinformation and promoting health literacy among social media users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers some aspects of the early conception and use of the infinite in ancient Greece, in the spirit of recent results in the history of ancient mathematics. It follows aspects of the practice of reasoning ad infinitum from the extant corpus of and about Zeno of Elea up to early Hellenistic examples in Aristotle and Euclid. Starting with the idea of 'reasoning from indefinite iteration', based on the metalogical recognition of the unachievability of an inference process, it identifies several different classes of more or less sophisticated arguments that make use of this idea, and examines the logical devices and notions required for their acceptance in the philosophical practice. Those include 'Infinite regress' properly speaking, where Non-Contradiction is used in the formation of indirect infinitary arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of English in Greek fashion magazines. It assesses the frequency of the use of English in these media, uncovers its discourse forms and functions, and illustrates why English is being used in the first place. As it is shown, English mainly takes the form of naming and headings and what characterizes its use is creativity and innovation. Through language play, intertextual references, clips, deliberate spelling mistakes, and alternations of the intended meaning of idiomatic phrases, English has a variety of functions such as creating emphasis and attracting the reader's attention. Like other settings where English bears a non-official status, the use of English features capitalizes on the symbolic and indexical value of this language. English is used because it symbolizes progression, innovation, and success and because it indexes knowledge of and association with globalized fashion and beauty discourses and styles circulating worldwide in fashion magazines, on social networking sites, and platforms. The findings of this study can be used to examine the extent of the homogenization of the fashion discourse worldwide while similar studies can be conducted with different types of media to compare the way that English is used in a variety of contexts in Greece and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we investigated the utility of data mining to classify individuals into predefined categories of a target variable, based on their social and political attitude. Data collected for a social psychology study conducted in Greece in 1994 were used for this purpose. We established the theoretical background of our analysis through explanatory factor analysis. We ran the decision tree algorithm CHAID in order to build a predictive model that classifies the study participants in terms of their attitude toward physical and symbolic violence. The CHAID algorithm provided a decision tree that was easily interpreted, and which revealed meaningful predictive patterns. CHAID algorithm showed satisfactory predictive ability and promising alternatives to social psychology data analysis. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other evidence in the literature that the decision tree algorithms can be used to identify latent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greek devotional activity from the eighth through third centuries included the accumulation of common votive types, many of which exhibited similar motifs and repetitive designs. This paper explores constructed assemblages by focusing on the dedication of objects featuring visual and iconographic "sameness." Building on the work of D. Morgan and J. González, this paper theorizes Greek votive accumulations as larger conglomerations that impact religious experience through the artifacts' very number and ubiquity. Evidence from Athens and Corinth suggests that an individual's personal biography and past movements through the local landscape gave pervasive religious imagery a sense of familiarity and meaningfulness. While the appearance of ubiquitous votives may have been dictated by tradition and manufacturing realities, their use to create monumental votive deposits had phenomenological impact. Drawing on evidence from treasury records and excavated material at a number of Greek sanctuaries, this paper argues that, when they formed assemblages of repetitive religious images, worshippers created larger, dynamic monuments out of individual items. The clustered offerings participated in an "aesthetics of accumulation," visually and physically linking individuals to a network of other worshippers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is considered a huge socio-political step for a country to change its name, especially under pressure imposed by another country. In January 2019, Macedonia officially became the Republic of North Macedonia after a three-decade long dispute with its neighbouring country Greece. Macedonian citizens have long suffered the consequences of this dispute and have often expressed their dissatisfaction on the social media. However, the media played a crucial role in shaping their opinions regarding this situation. This paper attempts to present how pro- and anti-government oriented media sources framed the issue and influenced the citizens' perceptions of it. More precisely, it conducts a critical discourse analysis of 30 online newspaper articles, written during three specific periods on a timeline from January 2018 to February 2019, before, during and after the name change. The analysis sets out to identify lexical, pragmatic and discursive devices acting as potential fear triggers through which threat frames are being constructed. The results showed that both pro- and anti- government media sources appeal mostly to people's emotions by generating fear related to a hypothetical future – in the case of the former it instigated fear of what might happen with the future of the country provided the name was not changed, while in the case of the latter, if the name was changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the phonological tendency of Ancient Greek to anticipate word-internal aspiration to a word-initial segment (vowel, voiceless stop, or /w/). Special attention is paid to the relationship of this tendency with hiatus resolution. A close look at the philological data shows that several processes of h-anticipation should be distinguished: in particular, various kinds of perceptually-driven leftward migration of aspiration (sporadically lexicalized) must be kept apart from a later synchronic rule that moved h to the new onset when two syllabic nuclei coalesced. The hypothesis that the latter phenomenon could accompany not only vowel coalescence but other types of hiatus resolution as well, including elision and glide-formation, may provide explanation for some hitherto obscure cases. The results of this study also have implications for the theoretical discussion of sporadicity in sound change, as they could provide further evidence for the controversial category of phonetically-conditioned sound change with probabilistic conditioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to provide insights into the use of semiotic modes used in the shop signs of culinary businesses in Greece and Cyprus. In this context, we examine, comparatively, culinary shop signs collected from the commercial centre of Thessaloniki and Limassol, two European, Mediterranean cities with a significant gastronomic traditin and a lively city centre. These semiotic modes are represented in a sample composed of shop signs whose verbal message constitutes verbo-cultural palimpsest or is written in a local dialect, as well as of shop signs that focus on their iconic visual message using intersemiotic translation or visual rhetoric to make their message appealing to consumers. The main conclusion is that the shop signs under scrutiny seem to be addressed mainly to the native people of the two countries who are considered in the common cultural practice much better consumers than tourists as concerns their culinary habits. The study also provides evidence of creative use of culinary shop signs in both cities. Intracultural interpretation, as well as the design of the verbal element, seem to make shop signs more appealing for the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transactions conducted between a SA and its related parties are at the forefront of domestic and foreign theory. The vast interest in this issue is justified by a series of scandals in the international financial system, which demonstrate in the best possible way that the law of dealing with related parties is not only law in the books, but also law in practice. This study aims to provide a legal analysis of related party transactions using Greek law as an example. It first highlights the risks arising from these transactions and then the mechanisms designed to deal therewith. Furthermore, it describes the incorporation of the EU rules into the Greek legal system and then it attempts to answer several key issues arising from the implementation of the provisions on RTPs. This paper concludes with an overall assessment of the application of the new institutional framework with regard to transactions of a SA with its related parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new aspect of electoral campaigns in Europe, and increasingly elsewhere as well, has been the proliferation of the online voter information tools, widely known in the political science community as Voting Advice Applications (VAAs). By accessing VAAs, users are provided with information about the degree of congruence between their policy preferences and those of different parties or candidates. Although the exact mechanisms have not been rigorously investigated, a series of studies across European countries, such as Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Switzerland have demonstrated a link between the use of VAAs and electoral turnout. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this growing literature by analyzing previously untapped data from Greece, extending the empirical literature to a country where VAA effects have not been investigated before. The analysis indicates that the effect of VAAs in Greece is marginal to non-existent while there seems to be no evidence of the hypothesized information mechanism which purportedly drives such effects. The paper concludes with suggestions that future studies of VAA effects on turnout can address in their design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the controversy that prevails concerning the extent to which an arms race is going on between Greece and Turkey. An examination of the recent contributions on this major issue beginning the year 2000 onwards suggests that the pronounced discrepancies among the conclusions drawn in these papers may be attributed to two major reasons among others: The effectiveness of the techniques employed, as well as the inadequacy of certain policy recipes to treat actual defence incidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore patenting activity in two peripheral economies (Portugal and Greece), to analyze the dispersion of inventor networks. Inventor networks are key conduits through which knowledge flows. Therefore, they can be critical in the catch-up process of peripheral economies – economies that belong to the group of rich countries but have weaker innovation systems. As global value chains fragment into geographically dispersed activities, opportunities arise for peripheral economies to participate in global innovation processes. However, different types of innovation activities have distinct network properties. More codifiable innovative activities can be carried out through collaboration by internationally dispersed teams. On the other hand, activities that are more dependent on tacit knowledge are likely to require the co-location of knowledge workers. This implies that innovation that relies mostly on tacit knowledge will provide limited connectivity benefits for peripheral economies' innovation systems. We hypothesize that, while this is generally true, "leading" innovative multinational enterprises may possess more sophisticated capabilities for transnational collaboration than less innovative firms. Therefore, innovation in activities involving tacit knowledge may show different network characteristics depending on who performs them: leading firms or "laggards". Our results, based on data from Portugal and Greece are consistent with our hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a reappraisal of the role of intertextuality in fifth-century BCE epinician poetry by means of a comparison with the role of intertextuality in all of early Greek hexameter poetry, 'lyric epic', and fifth-century BCE tragedy and comedy. By considering the ways in which performance culture as well as the production of written texts affects the prospects for intertextuality, it challenges a scholarly view that would straightforwardly correlate intertextuality in early Greek poetry with an increasing use and dissemination of written texts. Rather, 'performance rivalry' (a term understood to encompass both intra- and intergeneric competition between poetic works that were performed either on the same occasion or on closely related occasions) is identified as a plausible catalyst of intertextuality in all of the poetic genres considered, from the eighth or seventh century to the fifth century BCE. It is argued that fifth-century epinician poetry displays frequent, fine-grained, and allusive intertextuality with a range of early hexameter poetry: the Iliad, the poems of the Epic Cycle, and various 'Hesiodic' poems – poetry that in all probability featured in the sixth-fifth century BCE rhapsodic repertoire. It is also argued that, contrary to what is maintained in some recent Pindaric scholarship, there is no comparable case to be made for a frequent, significant, and allusive intrageneric intertextuality between epinician poems: in this respect, the case of epinician makes a very striking contrast with epic, tragedy, and comedy – poetic genres to which intrageneric intertextuality was absolutely fundamental. It is suggested that the presence or absence of intrageneric intertextuality in the genres in question is likely to be associated with the presence or absence of performance rivalry. A further factor identified as having the potential to inhibit intrageneric intertextuality in epinician is the undesirability of having one poem appear to be 'bettered' by another in a genre were all poems were commissioned to exalt individual patrons. This, again, is a situation that did not arise for epic, tragedy, or comedy, where a kind of competitive or 'zero-sum' intertextuality could be (and was) unproblematically embraced. Intertextuality in epinician thus appears to present a special case vis-à-vis the other major poetic genres of early Greece, whose workings can both be illuminated by consideration of the workings of intertextuality in epic, tragedy, and comedy, and can in turn illuminate something of the workings of intertextuality in those genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, researchers have explored politeness and impoliteness extensively and have attempted to construct theoretical frameworks that would account for both phenomena. Research on im-politeness focuses almost exclusively on linguistic performance and investigates the phenomena in relation to the behavior of individuals in verbal interaction (see Brown and Levinson, Politeness: Some universals in language usage, Cambridge University Press, 1987 [Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena, Cambridge University Press, 1978]; Leech, Principles of pragmatics, Longman, 1983; Spencer-Oatey, Rapport management: A framework for analysis, Continuum, 2000; Mills, Gender and politeness, Cambridge University Press, 2003; Watts, Politeness, Cambridge University Press, 2003 among others). Departing from this line of investigation, in our paper, we consider im-politeness as broad phenomena that involve verbal and/or non-verbal means of expression and manifest themselves primarily at a societal level. The main aim of the paper is to explore how young Greeks conceptualize im-politeness and to briefly consider whether these perceptions have changed in the last 25 years. Another aim of the paper is to investigate whether our informants believe that their society has become more or less polite than it used to be and to delve into the reasons to which they may attribute this change. Our findings indicate that our informants view impoliteness as being different in nature from, but not the polar opposite of, politeness, while the conceptualization of both phenomena reveals the respondents' preoccupation with societal issues concerning social norms and rights and the ensuing notion of appropriateness in context. Another interesting finding that emerged from this study is that for the majority of our informants, impoliteness is expressed verbally, whereas the reverse is true of politeness, which is primarily seen in terms of non-verbal action. Finally, rather expectedly, our informants view their society as becoming less polite than it used to be and attribute this change primarily to the fast and hectic pace of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parts of the macroalgal flora of the eastern Mediterranean remain incompletely known. This applies in particular to the circalittoral communities. This study, based upon 2 cruises in the Ionian and Aegean Seas, surveyed benthic communities from 40 to 150 m depth by remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) with a special focus on detecting communities of the Mediterranean deep-water kelp Laminaria rodriguezii. These were complemented by shallow-water surveys on adjacent coastlines by snorkelling and scuba diving. While no kelp could be detected at any of the sites surveyed, ROV surveys of northern Euboia Island revealed the first east Mediterranean record of Sebdenia monnardiana (Sebdeniales, Rhodophyta). Snorkelling surveys on the coast of southeast Kefalonia yielded the first record of the alien alga Dictyota cyanoloma in Greece. This paper reports rbcL and SSU sequences for Sebdenia monnardiana, and COI for Dictyota cyanoloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an intergenerational perspective on Greek conceptualizations of (im)politeness. Based on interviews eliciting narratives of impolite behaviour of our participants' parents' generation, the study illustrates the contested and changing nature of politeness in contemporary Greece. Through critically evaluating the older generation's behaviour, the participants not only provided insights into their own politeness norms but also showed a clear understanding of the previous generation's politeness norms. The discrepancy between what is perceived as polite by the two generations points to a distinction between empirical (is) and moral (should) norms (Haugh 2010), with the former allowing the participants to classify their parents' impoliteness as non-intentional and the latter reflecting the emergence of new conceptualizations of politeness in Greece. While Greece has been unanimously characterized as a positive politeness culture in previous research, the present study illustrates an increasing emphasis on values and norms associated with negative politeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past Greek crisis experience is more or less terra incognita. In all historical empirical studies Greece is systematically neglected or included only sporadically in their cross-country samples. In the national literature too there is little on this topic. In this paper we use the 1930s crisis as a useful testing ground to compare the two crises episodes, 'then' and 'now'; to detect differences and similarities and discuss the policy facts with the ultimate aim to draw some 'policy lessons' from history. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to study the Greek crisis experience across the two historical episodes. Comparisons with the interwar period show that the recent economic downturn was faster, larger and more severe than during the early 1930s. More importantly, analysing the determinants of the two crises, we conclude that Greece's problems arose from its inability to credibly adhere to a nominal anchor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper intends to examine the position of women and their struggle in the times of crisis in Greece. It explores at first the effects of the crisis on women, in relation to their position prior to the crisis, their insertion in the labor market and the dominant perception on their role in the society. In order to understand the fact that an autonomous feminist struggle did not seem to develop at first in concrete terms the ideological and cultural background of gender discrimination in the Greek social formation is presented. The recent rise of feminist practices, discourse and organization, its terms and potentials are finally examined, in relation to the women's struggles that have developed globally in 2017, but also to the intense presence of refugees and their participation to the social and political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the status-unequal requests of 89 advanced mixed-L1 learners and 87 British English native speakers elicited by a written discourse completion task. Significant differences were observed in all three dimensions analysed: internal and external modification, and perspective. The data demonstrate learners' overuse of zero marking in internal modification and overuse of preparators in supportive moves. External modification patterns also differed qualitatively in learners' provision of detailed content and in native speakers' employment of interpersonal orientation moves. Native speakers used significantly more requests employing impersonal perspective and in association with a range of mitigating, elliptical and formulaic devices. In this paper, we explore these quantitative & qualitative differences in patterns of speech act behaviour and consider the implications for learner development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with an oft-neglected aspect of the complex relationships between the Hellenistic culture and the Archaic and Classical tradition, namely the epigrams handed down to us in both epigraphical and literary sources. These (unfortunately rare) epigrams represent the only opportunity we have to detect the divergence between the original Archaic or Classical texts preserved on stone and their copies transmitted by manuscripts. Indeed, the Archaic and Classical epigrams have usually been handed down to us either as inscriptions or in manuscript copies, but very rarely in both forms. During the literary transmission the epigrams were modified in many ways: e. g. the writing conventions of the Archaic alphabets were abandoned and replaced by the ''standard'' system, and the linguistic shape suffered remarkable alterations. One of the aims of this paper is to explore the nature of the modifications undergone by some Archaic and Classical epigrams on stone during their literary transmission. Obviously, most of the modifications found in the literary tradition are either banal scribal errors or alterations due to the well-known tendency of those who copied the texts to turn dialect forms into their Attic (Koine) counterparts. Yet in some instances the modifications seem to be deliberate and in line with the typically Hellenistic tendency to ''embellish'' the texts by means of dialect forms absent from the original but perceived as ''prestigious''. It is precisely on this tendency and its effects on the texts that I shall dwell in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces Alasdair MacIntyre's account of the development of the Greek polis as presented in A Short History of Ethics, After Virtue, and Whose Justice? Which Rationality?. The paper argues for the centrality of Aristotle's conception of politics as an architectonic art to this account. It explores the foundations of MacIntyre's presentation of moral rationality in Homer and offers the poems of Hesiod as an aid to understanding MacIntyre's view of the post-Homeric crisis in Greek ethics. Aristotle is then invoked to show how MacIntyre represents the polis as a classical response to that crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to assess the extent to which conversion policies involving the shift of resources from the defence to the non-defence sector may entail some form of peace dividend for the economy of Greece. The issue has become one of increasing importance during the past few years during which the demand for growth-supporting policies has been a top priority requirement as an antidote to the recession. The paper employs a VAR model in order to investigate the interactions among the growth rate of gross domestic product and alternative measures of defence expenditure. We find that defence spending and more so, expenditure on defence equipment, under the present circumstances in which the bulk of the procurement represents import payments is not related in any form of Granger-causal relationship with the economic growth of Greece. Our results point to the fact that there can be no possibility of a peace dividend under the circumstances prevailing, unless defence procurement policies shift to an import - substitution strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current evaluative description of the language situation in Greek society presents the Greek language as "impoverished," "polluted" by foreign words, "defective [in] linguistic quality," and thus in danger of extinction. The phenomenon under investigation in this paper is the impressive speed and extent of the acceptance of this alleged decline of the Greek language, as well as of the remedy proposed: the teaching of Ancient Greek at the compulsory-education level An analysis of the metalinguistic discourse on language decline shows that it uses five language forms classified as feat tires of ideological discourse: redundancy, evaluation, amalgam, euphemism, dichotomy, and self-evidence. In the texts studied, these features contribute to producing latent messages concerning a negative evaluation of Greek national identity. The paper concludes that acceptance of the language-decline position is an expression of a crisis in national identity, brought about inter alia by the participation of Greece in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food is brought to our tables in an endless array of shapes, colors, and recipes - it is designed. We transform food for greater pleasure, and for practical purposes such as longer storage life, but also to convey values and tell myths. Food design helps to pass on cultural information collected by former generations and provides structures how to lay out life. Symbolically charged bread is one of the oldest examples of food design. Some of the ancient motifs have survived until today, for example the plaited pastry or the croissant. In ancient Greece, curved pastry symbolized the crescent moon and was used as an offering to the moon goddess. Plaited bread presumably replaced an earlier practice of sacrificing one's own hair. Traditional food is not a question of good taste, nor of age or originality, but how it conforms to our cultural standards and confirms our views of existence. The conveyance of symbolic contents and higher cultural values is a fundamental issue when it comes to successful food. The Surprise Egg is a modern example of how age-old myths like metamorphosis, birth, and new life can be used to connect a food to a higher symbolic universe and charge it with 'extra' sense far beyond simple classifications like 'tasty' or 'nourishing.' In this paper we present research about the origin of the shapes and forms our food comes in, the factors playing a role in its design and who it is that actually decides what the things we eat every day are like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's corporate world is in a state of flux. The globalisation of business activity and the escalating economic crises force even small/medium enterprises to become international. This impacts on the competitiveness, profitability and survival of organisations, and as a result the companies' recruitment strategies and language policies, including the choice between global and local languages, acquire greater significance. Previous research has shown that official language policies and unofficial individual practices diverge in multifaceted ways that merit investigation. Although companies often adopt a 'one language' policy, language choice is negotiated between employees in a range of contexts. Using a mixed method approach this article aims to investigate the interplay between global and local languages in the largely unexplored Greek workplace setting. In the analysis two major factors are identified which influence the choice between Greek as a local first language (L1) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF): the official and unofficial responsibilities of employees' posts and the enactment of their professional expertise inclusive of their language competence. The analysis aims to unpack the different aspects of these themes and special attention is paid to the relevance of the current economic crisis. The paper suggests that post duties and expertise are negotiated locally and are constructed strategically to adapt to specific organisational contexts and specifically to the fallout from the economic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study addresses the issue of threshold effects between general government debt and economic growth in Greece over the period 1970–2016. Using threshold models, there is evidence in favour of a negative association between general government debt and economic growth. The results indicate that the magnitude of this negative relationship between debt and growth depends on debt regimes. Also, the results seem to suggest that public debt might be associated with lower growth at low and moderate public debt levels. Specifically, at debt levels lower than 23.5 percent of GDP, increases in the general government debt-to-GDP ratio are associated with higher negative effect on economic growth, than at very high debt levels of 109.4 percent of GDP. The overall results could explain why general government debt was a significant drag on economic growth of Greece and that the crisis is far from over as thresholds are still binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the assessment of the passage of lines 53-55 from the Lycian language of the Xanthos Stele associated with the Classical worlds' geography. It says that the passage was translated by Diether Schürr. It states that the island of Samos and the personal name of Amorges is secure while Xerẽi, the author of Xanthos Stele, supports the Anaians during his campaign against the Ionians of Caria. It discusses several authors' interpretations regarding the verb trbb- in line 54 such as one by Schürr as strengthen, reinforce and Craig Melchert as opponent, enemy. It adds that the Greek semantics describing Mt. Thorax suggests a native Anatolian folk etymology. It concludes that line 53-55 may suggest a Xanthos Stele research with a precise language.

Copyright of Fabula is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Apoglossum gregarium, a minute deep-water red alga considered an alien in the Mediterranean Sea, was previously known only from the western basin. The present paper reports A. gregarium for the first time off Greece, in the eastern Mediterranean basin. It was found on artificial substrata at 50 m depth in the southeastern Ionian Sea. The Greek specimens were identical to previous Mediterranean descriptions. Moreover, the Greek habitat is the deepest ever recorded for the species. Associated flora as well as biogeographical data are also provided. Based on its worldwide distribution, the possibility that A. gregarium is native to the Mediterranean Sea should not be ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews the investigations on the Edonian coins made so far and proposes new interpretations of the linguistic features of their legend texts in the light of the achievements of Greek dialectology and recently discovered Thracian texts. Its most important aim is to point out the commonness of languages and writing practices on the Thracian coast of the Aegean Sea in the sixth--fifth centuries B.C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the sociolinguistic effects and issues of identity in Metsovo, Greece, that have been the result of the presence of about 100 Albanian families who arrived there as economic migrants in the 1990s. The village of Metsovo is largely bilingual in Greek and Vlach (Aromanian). The migrants from Albania are either Muslims, (originally) monolingual in Albanian, or Christian Orthodox, bilingual in Albanian and Vlach. The presence of Vlach-speaking Albanians influences the use of Vlach by the original population. This case illustrates how the need for communication through a common code with the local population creates conditions which favour the use of a language otherwise being increasingly abandoned, and changes, at least in the short term, the attitudes towards a language that until recently has been considered dying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Richardson's action-reaction model of an arms race has prompted a considerable body of research that has attempted to empirically estimate such models. In general these attempts have been unsuccessful. This paper provides an extensive reconsideration of the estimation issues and using some recent developments in time-series econometrics, provides a comprehensive analysis of data for Greece and Turkey. It finds evidence of some form of cointegration between the military expenditures in both countries, but not of Richardson arms race type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific writing is imbued with rhetorical strategies that reflect the asymmetrical relations of power in scientific communities, the differences in individuals' absolute and relative status, and institutional and learned authority. These rhetorical strategies constitute, in effect, politeness strategies. The writing produced by students, in particular, reflects the unequal positions of power students find themselves in, in relation to lecturers/examiners, and the politeness strategies they employ in order to balance these asymmetrical relations of power. However, power and differences in status do not have the same connotations in all cultures, and there is variation in the strategies which are employed to deal with power inequalities by individuals in various discourse communities. By comparing writing samples by native English speaking students, native Greek speaking students writing in English and native Greek speaking students writing in Greek, this paper aims to investigate differences in politeness strategies in the English speaking and Greek scientific communities, and to show that these differences can be attributed to cultural characteristics, and relations of power and solidarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reexamining inscriptional and literary sources on grants of politeia by ancient Greek cities in exchange for money allows us to rethink the commonly accepted interpretation of these grants as the sale of citizenship. This article argues that such grants actually reciprocated benefactions that involved a financial expenditure in the interests of the city. These grants could be interpreted as a sale of politeia, similar to today's grants of citizenship offered by many countries in return for investments. However, like these modern gifts of citizenship, the grants in ancient Greece reflected a basic norm that politeia could only be conferred on benefactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the Greek Applied Linguistics Association (GALA). Founded in Thessaloniki in 1980, GALA became an affiliate of the Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée (AILA). GALA's membership grew steadily over the years. The association organizes its annual world congress, international events and activities.

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This article examines current energy-related disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean. It does so by situating them in the context of the Middle East's broader geopolitical landscape and by showing how global powers' interests and involvement have become contingent on the international and regional political environments. The latter augmented the intensity of the contestation and helped move identifiable and tangible factors, such as Exclusive Economic Zones, into the imaginative realms of geopolitics. They also provided the concerned actors with opportunities to balance out their adversaries and, by implication, diminished their willingness to compromise. Although the global powers' interest in Eastern Mediterranean energy resources is limited, the European Union does have interests in these reserves and related aspects. The fact that the monetisation of these resources is highly dependent on the EU market provides the EU with an immense amount of "buyer power" to stabilise the region and potentially balance the fears of both Greece and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eastern Mediterranean region has been the subject of global power competition for many decades. Europe, Russia, and the United States have at different stages and in changing configurations sought to exercise influence in and power over various countries in the Eastern Mediterranean. But over the course of the past decade, the aforementioned triangle has been reshaped into a quadrangle. A new external actor has emerged and firmly planted its flag in the Eastern Mediterranean. The fourth country in question is the People's Republic of China. This article focuses on Greece, Turkey, and Israel as empirical examples of China's expanding footprint in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All of them criticized the problematic treatment of immigrants either by state authorities, specific societal groups or the international community at large (e.g., the EU border agency Frontex, originally founded in 2004), especially when these immigrants intended to cross the borders to other European countries. Keywords: NGO sector; civil society; Greece; foreign immigration; refugee crisis of 2015; government-nonprofit relations EN NGO sector civil society Greece foreign immigration refugee crisis of 2015 government-nonprofit relations 251 268 18 08/09/22 20220701 NES 220701 1 Introduction Being a liberal democratic country, a European Union (EU) member state (since 1981) with a stable political system and a close ally to the Western world, Greece would theoretically be a prime host of a firm civic space. In particular, the last Joint Ministerial Decision 10616 of 9 September 2020 was criticized as impeding civic spaces in the country in disagreement with European standards and the European Convention on Human Rights ([5]); for example, because of the vague reasons for refusing NGO authorization; the unrestrained discretion of state authorities to deny registration for an NGO; the excessive requirements and complex procedures for NGO registration; and the arbitrariness, non-proportionality and inflexibility of related state decisions. [Extracted from the article]

4 To be precise: suppose student A applies to university X only, student B to university X as first choice and to university Y as second choice, and student C to university Y only. From Assumption 1, we can therefore write the student's payoff maximising probability of admission as: HT ht Graph (3)This is the latent probability in a binomial regression model. Naturally, we require (i) HT ht , and (ii) HT ht . [Extracted from the article]

In this article I explore a selection of texts from Greece and Mesopotamia that either recount or comment on the succession myth. I argue that representations of violence in those texts differ considerably within the same culture and time period. I explain these variations as social deixis, positing that ancient authors and interpreters of the succession myth used different representations of violence to present themselves as innovative figures. I argue that both mythmakers and myth-interpreters increased and decreased the intensity and number of violent features to mark a position in the competitive field of cosmological knowledge. Through the comparison of the sources, I show that there was as much competition and innovation in Greece as in Mesopotamia within the field of cosmology. The similarity of social contexts and practices may explain the cross-cultural transfer of knowledge between specialists of these two regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]