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The primary objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the open network for digital commerce (ONDC), an innovative initiative by the Indian government. The study aims to explore the potential impact of ONDC on India’s digital commerce sector, focusing on how it seeks to democratize digital commerce and create an environment characterized by fair competition, innovation, and inclusivity. Our methodology involves an extensive review and thematic analysis of relevant literature. This approach includes a detailed examination of ONDC’s core objectives, its technological underpinnings, and the role of the government in facilitating its growth and adoption. The study is designed to provide a holistic view of ONDC, considering various aspects such as technology, policy, and market dynamics. The analysis suggests that ONDC could revolutionize India’s digital commerce ecosystem. Key findings indicate that ONDC can enhance interoperability, empower small businesses and local retailers, and diversify consumer choices. The initiative’s reliance on existing digital frameworks like the Unified Payments Interface and the Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture is crucial in streamlining transactions and bolstering data security. However, the realization of ONDC’s full potential is contingent upon its effective implementation and widespread acceptance among stakeholders. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by comprehensively analysing ONDC, a relatively new and underexplored area in digital commerce research. It offers original insights into the initiative’s potential to transform India’s digital commerce landscape. The article also identifies gaps in current research, such as the limited scope of existing studies, the absence of primary data, and the influence of external variables. It suggests avenues for future research, including longitudinal studies, international comparisons, and primary data collection, to understand ONDC better and its long-term impact on India’s digital commerce sector.

The emergence of smart and nanobiosensor (NB) technologies has transformed the monitoring and management of bacterial infections. These developments offer remarkable accuracy and precision for detecting infectious pathogens. Smart artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted and NB-based methods are used as powerful tools in biomedicine for bacterial detection, combatting multidrug resistance, and diagnosing infections. In this study, we delve into the advancements in these technologies, focusing on AI-based techniques for NBs in detecting bacterial infections from 2019 to 2024. We analyze the contributions of machine learning and deep learning techniques to enhance performance and reliability. The new approaches to improve the effectiveness and versatility of antibacterial treatments are critically analyzed. Our study includes the observations of carbon nanoparticles that selectively target bacteria using photothermal properties and the production of hybrid hydrogel composites with capabilities. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the crucial significance of NBs in propelling the progress of diagnostic methods, biosensing technologies, and treatments, thereby transforming the healthcare industry and the way diseases are managed. In addition, we explore pathogen-based infections, bacterial diagnosis, and treatment using engineered NBs enhanced with various modalities such as electrochemistry, acoustics, electromagnetism, and photothermal resonance. Our comprehensive review highlights the potential and throws light on future research directions for effective management and control of bacterial infections.