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With the development of all-optical networks, all-optical devices have become a research hotspot in recent years. Two-dimensional materials, represented by graphene and black phosphorus, have attracted great interest in the scientific community due to their excellent optical, electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. Bridging the gap between fiber optics and nanotechnology, microfibers can interact with light and matter at the micro or even nanoscale. By combining two-dimensional materials with microfibers, composite waveguides can be formed. They have the advantages of high nonlinear effect, all-fiber structure, and high damage threshold, etc. The composite waveguide can be directly applied to optical fiber communication systems, and plays an important role in the field of all-optical signal processing with a huge application prospect. In this review, the properties of typical 2D materials are first introduced. Next, the preparation methods of the relevant equipments are introduced and compared. Then, the all-optical signal processing technology based on 2D material-integrated microfiber composite waveguide is reviewed. The latest developments of all-optical modulators, all-optical wavelength converters, all-optical logic gates and all-optical thresholding devices are presented. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the future development of 2D materials-integrated microfiber optoelectronic devices are summarized.

Graphdiyne has an inborn band gap energy, where the minimal band gap is about from 0.46 to 1.22 eV, which shows great potential in ultrafast laser generation. In this work, we fabricate a graphdiyne-decorated microfiber and demonstrate its saturable absorption characteristics experimentally. This device is used as a saturable absorber to generate the conventional soliton and noise-like pulse in an erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser. The conventional soliton with a spectral bandwidth of 2.45 nm can switch into noise-like pulse with 37.14 nm bandwidth by adjusting the pump power and the polarization controller. For the noise-like pulse, the mode-locked state has excellent stability with 2.17 nJ maximum pulse energy and 283 fs coherent peak duration. This work indicates that graphdiyne could be a remarkable nonlinear photonic device to explore the dynamics of various mode-locked pulses.