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Background: A growth hormone (GH) stimulation test is the recommended method for evaluating GH levels in children with possible GH deficiency (GHD). However, serial measurements of nocturnal spontaneous GH secretion are also performed. Divergent results from these tests have been reported, but with variable frequencies. Objectives: To investigate whether performing one or two GH tests is associated with the probability to diagnose a child with GHD; the frequency of divergent results in the arginine-insulin tolerance test (AITT) and the nocturnal spontaneous test using different cut-off levels, and whether refractoriness may explain some of the discordance. Methods: In a population-based setting, the medical records of all short children evaluated for possible GHD during January 1993-February 2017 were reviewed. Twenty-one patients had been evaluated with one GH test only and 102 children had been evaluated with a spontaneous nocturnal GH test followed immediately by a complete AITT. Divergent results were defined as having a pathological response on only one of the tests when using 3, 5, 7, and 10 µg/L as cut-offs for peak GH on both tests, 1.1 and 3.3 µg/L for mean nocturnal values and receiver operating characteristic curves-derived cut-offs for nocturnal values. Results: Children evaluated with one test only were more often diagnosed with GHD compared with children evaluated with both tests (48 vs. 19%, p = 0.019). Divergent results were found in 6-42% of the patients, with higher frequencies seen when higher cut-offs were applied. A higher proportion of patients with stimulated peak values ≤ 7 and ≤ 5 µg/L had a spontaneous peak within 2 h before the start of the AITT compared with patients with higher stimulated peak values (68 vs. 45%, p = 0.026, and 77 vs. 48%, p = 0.033, respectively). Conclusions: Divergent results between AITT and nocturnal spontaneous secretion are common in short children, dependent on the cut-offs applied and partly due to refractorines, Funding Agencies:ALF from the Region Orebro County Inga Britt and Arne Lundberg's Research Foundation Builder Olle Engkvist Foundation Foundation for Medical Research at Orebro University Hospital (Nyckelfonden) Foundation Frimurare Barnhuset in StockholmÖrebro University, Örebro, Sweden

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Kabuki syndrome (KS), caused by pathogenic variants in KMT2D or KDM6A, is associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) in 0.3-4% of patients. We characterized the clinical, biochemical and molecular data of children with KS and HH compared to children with KS without HH in a multicenter meta-analysis. METHODS: Data of seven new and 17 already published children with KS and HH were compared to 373 recently published KS patients without HH regarding molecular and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Seven new patients were identified with seven different pathogenic variants in KDM6A (n=4) or KMT2D (n=3). All presented with HH on the first day of life and were responsive to diazoxide. KS was diagnosed between 9 months and 14 years of age. In the meta-analysis 24 KS patients with HH had a significantly higher frequency of variants in KDM6A compared to 373 KS patients without HH (50% vs. 11.5%, p<0.001), and KDM6A-KS was more likely to be associated with HH than KMT2D-KS (21.8% vs. 3.5%, p<0.001). Sex distribution and other phenotypic features did not differ between KS with and without HH. CONCLUSION: The higher incidence of HH in KDM6A-KS compared to KMT2D-KS indicates that KDM6A loss of function variants predispose more specifically to beta cell dysfunction compared to KMT2D variants. As difficulties to assign syndromic characteristics to KS in early infancy often lead to delayed diagnosis, genetic testing for KS should be considered in children with HH, especially in the presence of other extrapancreatic/syndromic features.

INTRODUCTION: The molecular mechanisms behind poor foetal growth are not fully known. The aim of this study was to explore global microRNA expression in placentas of infants born small for gestational age (SGA) compared to infants with a normal birth weight (NBW). METHODS: Placental biopsies from term infants were identified in a biobank and divided into four groups: infants born SGA with (n = 13) or without (n = 9) exposure to low maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and infants born with NBWs with (n = 20) or without (n = 26) exposure to low GWG. All women and infants were healthy, and no woman smoked during pregnancy. Only vaginal deliveries were included. Next-generation sequencing was performed with single read sequencing of >9 million reads per sample. Differential microRNA expression was analysed using ANOVA for unequal variances (Welch) with multiple testing corrections through the Benjamini-Hochberg method. A fold change >2 and a corrected p value < 0.05 were considered significant. Adjustments for possible confounding factors were made using a linear regression model. RESULTS: A total of 1870 known, mature human microRNAs were detected in the sample. MiR-3679-5p and miR-193b-3p were significantly upregulated, and miR-379-3p, miR-335-3p, miR-4532, miR-519e-3p, miR-3065-5p, and miR-105-5p were significantly downregulated after adjustment for potential confounding factors in SGA infants with normal GWG compared to infants with NBWs and normal GWG. DISCUSSION: Infants born unexplained SGA show differential microRNA expression in their placenta. Important pathways for the differentially expressed microRNAs include inflammation and the insulin-IGF system., Funding Agency:Research Committee of Region Örebro County and ALF funding Region Örebro County

Introduction: Delayed puberty is defined as the absence of physical signs of puberty by the age of 14 years in boys and 13 years in girls. According to this definition, the prevalence of delayed puberty would be 2%, if the ages of pubertal onset were normally distributed in the population. However, the prevalence or incidence of delayed puberty has not been described before, as far as we know. Our aim was to study the incidence of delayed puberty in central Sweden. Methods: In this population-based retrospective study all adolescents given the ICD-10 diagnosis “delayed puberty” in Örebro county during the period 2013-2015 were identified. Adolescents with other diagnoses potentially related to delayed puberty (e.g. short stature) were also identified to ensure that there were no additional cases. The medical records of these patients, except those not willing to participate, were systematically reviewed to ensure that the diagnosis was correct. The cases were then categorized into four groups depending on how accurate we found the diagnosis (certain, possible, wrong diagnosis, or unclear cases). Data on the total numbers of adolescents in Örebro county were obtained from the authority of statistics in Sweden. Results: One hundred and twenty-eight of 180 eligible medical records were reviewed (response rate: 71 %). Nine boys and one girl were diagnosed with delayed puberty during the study time period and fulfilled our strict criteria for a certain diagnosis and 4 boys were classified as possible new cases. The total population in Örebro county for boys aged 14-18 years was on average 6,546 each year during the time period. The minimal annual incidence for boys was 46 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval (CI) 15-142 per 100,000). When possible cases were included, the annual incidence for boys increased to 66 (CI 26-170) per 100,000. Due to the low number of girls with delayed puberty no incidence for girls was calculated. Discussion: This is, to our knowledge, the f

Aim: To study the incidence of childhood thyrotoxicosis in five counties in central Sweden during 1990–2009 and to study the treatment outcome. Methods: Children below the age of 16 years diagnosed with thyrotoxicosis during the 20-years period and living in the study area were identified retrospectively. Data on the total number of children below 16 years of age living in the area during the study period was collected from the National Board of Statistics, Sweden. Data regarding clinical and biochemical characteristics and the outcome of the treatment were collected from medical records. Results: 113 patients were identified. The annual incidence was 2.2/100,000 children during the whole study period. The incidence was higher during the last ten studied years as compared to the first ten studied years (2.8 vs. 1.6/100,000, p = 0.006). The increase in incidence was seen in both girls and boys (p = 0.041 and p = 0.038, respectively). Treatment with antithyroid drugs (ATD) was the first hand choice, but 69% of the patients relapsed within three years after the planned discontinuation of the ATD treatment. Boys relapsed more often than girls (p = 0.013), but we could not identify any other significant predictor for relapse. Conclusion: Thyrotoxicosis is uncommon in pediatric patients but the incidence seems to be increasing. The outcome of the initial treatment with ATD is poor with high relapse rates. Boys seems to have an increased risk for relapse compared to girls. More studies are needed to identify an optimal treatment protocol for each individual.