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Planungshandeln steht vor dem Hintergrund räumlicher Entwicklungsstrategien wie Innenentwicklung und Nachverdichtung in Bezug auf Nutzungskonflikte durch Lärmbelastung vor einer schwierigen Herausforderung. Lärm ist eine sehr gesundheitsrelevante Belastung, wirkt aber auch latent, schleichend und langfristig. Der kommunalen Bauleitplanung steht eine Vielzahl von Rechtsvorschriften, Normen und Empfehlungen zur Verfügung. Grundsätzlich ist aber wenig systematisch erforscht, wie kommunales Planungshandeln zum Schutz vor Gewerbelärm erforderlich ist und umgesetzt wird. Insbesondere ist die Frage interessant, welche Einflussfaktoren vor Ort auf die Anwendung und Auslegung von Rechtsvorschriften wirken. Dieser Beitrag basiert auf einer empirischen Untersuchung in deutschen Städten und leitet hin zu einer Systematisierung von Einflussfaktoren und der Identifikation von Ansatzpunkten zur Unterstützung der Rechtsanwendung in den Kommunen. Auf dieser Basis kann eine gesundheitsorientierte Stadtentwicklung und Stadtplanung gezielt unterstützt werden., Strategies like infill development and densification pose increasingly difficult challenges for planning with regard to noise-related land-use conflicts. Noise is a highly relevant health burden, but also takes effect in a latent, insidious and long-term fashion. Local land-use planning has numerous laws, provisions, standards and recommendations to hand. But there is little systematic research on how municipal planning action for commercial noise protection is developed and implemented. Of special interest is the question of what influencing factors impact the use and adaptation of legal requirements in local practices. This article is based on an empirical study in German cities and leads towards building a system of influencing factors and identifying starting points for supporting the use of legal norms by local municipalities. Against this backdrop, a health-promoting urban development and urban planning strategy can be effectively supported.

The environmental pollution in Russia currently has global character. The estimates of the water, air and soil pollution in the large and in some medium-sized cities are currently very high. The cities with the greatest atmospheric emissions (dust, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, organic compounds) include in the European part of Russia Lipetsk, Cherepovets, Magnitogorsk, Novocherkassk, Nizhniy Tagil and Moscow. The emissions principally originate from the metallurgic industry, but also from thermal power plants and from the chemical industry. In 1995, only 5% of the waste water discharged into the surface waters of Russia had been properly treated. The largest quantities of contaminated waste water per inhabitant were to be found in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod and Samara. The municipal industry, but also general industry (chemicals, paper) were the main causes. The reduction in waste water discharge was principally a result of the drop in production in most cities up until the middle of the nineties. The disposal of settlement and industrial waste remains extremely inefficient in Russia. In the cities of the European part of Russia, only 5% of the settlement waste is currently incinerated in waste processing plants. Landfills were and remain the basic form of waste disposal. Until 1994, there was not one single company in the Russian Federation for the disposal and storage of toxic industrial waste. As a result of the environmental pollution, the mean increase inmorbidity in the population of the Russian cities was 20%. For example, in 1994, only 15% of the urban population lived in regions with a tolerable air pollution, in one third of the municipal water networks, the quality of the drinking water was insufficient. The severe economic crisis in Russia has resulted in the investments in environmental protection sinking rapidly, in 1994 it was only 9% of what it had been in 1991. Under these circumstances, many planned rescue measures may not be abl

"Nach einem kurzen Überblick über umweltpolitische Problemlagen und Reaktionen der staatlichen Umweltpolitik hierauf werden mit Schwerpunkt für den Bereich Luftreinhaltung einige der effektiveren Regelungsinstrumente und Maßnahmen zur Kontrolle von Schwefeldioxid- und Stickstoffoxidemissionen bei stationären und mobilen Quellen berücksichtigt. Von den Regelungsinstrumenten werden insbesondere das Kompensationssystem für durch Umweltverschmutzung verursachte Gesundheitsschäden und die Umweltschutzvereinbarungen zwischen Industrie und dezentralen Behörden sowie Bürgergruppen berücksichtigt. Abschließend wird auf immer noch existierende Umweltprobleme verwiesen und stichpunktartig aufgezeigt, was andere Länder aus den japanischen Erfahrungen lernen könnten." (Autorenreferat), "The article starts with a brief outline of the main environmental problems in Japan and how the Japanese government dealt with these problems in its various phases of environmental policies. This is followed by a detailed description of some of the most effective measures and regulatory instruments. The focus being on air pollution control policies, special consideration is given to control measures concerning sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides emitted by stationary and mobile sources. Among the various regulatory instruments special emphasis is laid on the exceptional 'pollution- related health damage compensation system' and on pollution-control agreements between emitters and local authorities or citizens' groups. Finally, some of the still urgent environmental problems in Japan are mentioned. The article concludes with some indications of what other countries might learn from the Japanese experience." (author's abstract)