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It has been noted that college education and their library services are the necessity of present days because colleges are providing education and shaping our youths for tomorrow's best citizens. Therefore, college libraries are also expected to provide minimum services so that they could learn and develop themselves into the best citizens. However, it is seen that due to privatization of the education, more and more colleges are emerging in society but their library services are not up to the standards. This paper discusses the collection, staffing pattern, and the library services being provided to their users by private degree colleges in Bijnor.

The whole world is facing a highly challenging and extremely difficult task of facing a pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by a very deadly and highly contagious virus named by WHO as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2). This dangerous virus originated probably from bats and through undetermined intermediate hosts entered humans and first reported in seafood market of Hubei province of Wuhan, China in December 2019. Covid-19 spreads very fast by personal contact with patients and by micro droplets generated by sneezing and coughing by the patients. Covid-19 has infected more than 3.2 million people across the globe and claimed more than 229000 deaths to date (30/04/2020). The virus spreads faster than its two ancestors which are Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower mortality then them. The spectrum of disease varies from asymptomatic to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi organ dysfunction. The case fatality rate is estimated to range from 3 to 4%. Treatment is essentially supportive because of lack of definitive antiviral drugs or effective vaccine. As this disease is spreading across the continents very fast and due to lack of definitive treatment only way left is to prevent the infection is its containment. Prevention entails creating public awareness about this highly infectious disease, home isolation of suspected cases and those with mild illnesses and strict infection control measures at hospitals that include contact and droplet precautions. This review focuses on the genomic structure, viral replication and pathophysiology of SARS CoV-2 known till date as new studies are continuously shedding lights on the various aspects of this virus.

The present study was conducted at Kovilpatti Centre of All India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA) to assess the impact of conjunctive nutrient management practices on soil quality parameters, to identify the key indicators of soil quality, to compute the soil quality indices (SQIs) and to identify the best conjunctive nutrient management practices from the view point of soil quality improvement in sorghum + cowpea intercropping (C1), sorghum sole cropping (C2) and cowpea sole cropping (C3) systems. The treatments were comprised of T1: control, T2: 100% N (inorganic), T3: 25 kg N (compost), T4: 15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) and T5: 15 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic). The results of the present study clearly indicated that the conjunctive nutrient treatments significantly influenced organic carbon (OC), available phosphorus (P), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) contents of soil in all the three systems; the potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) were significantly influenced in the C2 and C3 cropping systems. The dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was significantly highest under T3 in sole sorghum system with highest value of 1.41 μg TPF ha−1 g−1 of soil, which was on par with T4. The microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was significantly influenced by sole cowpea and sole sorghum systems, with highest values of 125.1 and 114.0 μg g−1 of soil under T3, respectively. However, the labile carbon (LC) content was significantly influenced in all the three cropping systems, with the highest LC content of 338.3 (T3), 285.2 (T3) μg g−1 and 339.64 (T4) of soil under sorghum + cowpea, sole sorghum and sole cowpea systems, respectively. The mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD) was significantly influenced by the treatments in the sole sorghum system with the highest value of 0.50 mm with the T5 treatment. When all the cropping systems were viewed together, the final set of key soil quality indicators for these Vertisol soils emerged were: EC, OC, available P, available S, available Zn, LC, MBC and BD. From the view point of RSQI, the order of superiority of the conjunctive nutrient management treatments was: T3: 25 kg N (compost) (0.95)=T4: 15 kg N (compost) + 20 kg N (inorganic) (0.95) > T5: 15 kg N (green leaf) + 20 kg N (inorganic) (0.84) > T2: 100% N (inorganic) (0.73) > T1: control (0.55).

The study has analysed different sources of income for the rural households in Semi-Arid Tropic (SAT) region of India using the longitudinal household level data for the period 2009 to 2014. The results indicate that the share of non-farm income is substantial and increasing even for the large farm households. The non-farm income is imperative for the landless and smallholders. This paves the way for securing livelihood of landless and smallholder households by diversifying towards non-farm activities. The study has emphasized on higher agricultural credit and irrigation infrastructure for medium and large farmers. This will provide remunerative income opportunities from agriculture so that this group will continue to remain in farming activities which will help in increasing the agricultural production and will not jeopardize the ultimate goal of food security. Two important inferences drawn from the study are: (i) to make farming attractive enough, transformative changes are required, particularly for creating market for the produce, and (ii) adequate push is needed to promote secondary agriculture, like primary processing, value addition, etc. along with other non-farm activities in the rural areas.

Enteroliths are very common in equines of more than 8–10 years of age. In the present case a female zebra being maintained at the Sanjay Gandhi Biological Park, Patna for the last eleven years started showing signs of colic. Animal was taking sufficient water but not taking grass and concentrate with normal urination but without defecation since last 5 days. Colic sign completely subsided two days before death but regurgitation through nose continued. Postmortem examination revealed severely bloated carcass with multiple minor injury marks all over the body and congested mucous membranes, along with a thick layer of subcutaneous yellow colored fat. Moderate amount of blood tinged fluid was present in the abdominal cavity. Diaphragm was ruptured at the ventral part with parts of liver protruding inside the thoracic cavity. Intestine was severely distended and filled with gas and fluid. An enterolith, weighing about 270 grams and completely blocking the lumen of the colon, was present along with two other smaller enteroliths. Liver, lungs and kidneys were congested with petechial haemorrhage. Mesenteric lymph nodes were swollen and oedematous. Microscopically, lesions in the liver included cellular swelling and fatty changes with necrosis and hemorrhages while in lungs pneumonia wasnoticed.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless, ubiquitous, free radical gas because of having an unpaired electron. Nitric oxide is synthesized from an amino acid called L-arginine by the action of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which has three important isoforms. NO has been molecule of attention because of its small size, short duration of action and variety of physiological functions. NO plays many important and critical physiological functions such as cell signaling, regulation of tone of blood vessels, neurotransmission, inflammatory processes (inhibition of leukocytic adhesion to vascular endothelium), antithrombotic effects by inhibiting platelet adhesion to vascular endothelium and the defense mechanism of the body against microorganisms. Alterations in the regulation of NO metabolism play key role in many pathological processes like development of the cancer, hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis, preeclampsia and aging. This review will focus on its role in physiological functions in the body and alterations in some important pathological states. An insight into the functioning of this molecule will help the clinicians as well as researchers to understand the different dimensions in the pathogenesis of many diseases.

According to Nutritional Intake survey series, conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization, there has been slow, but steady decline in consumption of calories and protein, but the fat consumption has been increasing in both rural and urban India. Unlike calorie and protein, the difference in fat intake in rural and urban India is pronounced. Across the states of the country, the states in north-east and eastern regions seem lagging in terms of nutrition — moving further away from the desirable levels and are much below the national average too. In terms of calorie intake, 68 per cent of country's population remains undernourished and between 2004–05 and 2009–10, there has been an increase of about 55 million people who have deficit intake of calories. With rise in food expenditure among rural and urban masses, there has been less than proportionate increase in calorie and protein intake. However, a propensity to consume more of fat has been witnessed with rise in food expenditure. The study has suggested to generate awareness among the masses about the ‘smart’ diet.

A male giraffe calf died in Sanjay Gandhi biological Park, Patna which was necropsied to ascertain the cause of death. Post mortem examination revealed it to be case of strangulated ventral hernia. Peritoneal cavity contained bloody fluid material along with yellow fibrin clots. Death might have been due to starvation, pain as well as toxemia developed as a result of necrosis of strangulated part of intestine. Ventral hernia occurs commonly in domestic animals but reports on wild animals are meager.

A 29 -year-old female suffered from right-side throbbing headache over the region of the fifth cranial nerve first division, followed by right ptosis, double vision, fatigue and severe right lower limb pain for 3 days. As the symptoms were increased (lower limb pain and double vision), she consulted doctor and got admitted same day. After 4 days medical treatment, patient was referred to physiotherapy department for lower limb pain as headache got relived but lower limb pain persisted even being on continuous medications. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of brain, Lumbar Puncture and ENMG were negative. As lower limb pain was severe Physiotherapy treatment mainly focussed on reducing pain by using TENS and isometrics of lower limb muscles. However treatment plan was changed as per patients every day status. Treatment continued for over a period of 14 days which showed improvements in VAS score as well as Fatigue severity scale. Proper Physiotherapy management can dramatically relieve these symptoms with low dose analgesics or without analgesics to help individuals suffering from rare diseases like Tolosa Hunt syndrome. This case is to emphasize the role of physiotherapy in the treatment of symptoms of this condition.

The incidence of hip fracture rises dramatically with increasing age. The Indian population appears particularly vulnerable to the problem of osteoporosis and hip fractures. It has been projected that by the next century 50% of all hip fractures in the world will occur in Asia. The treatment of such unstable intertrochanteric fracture is still controversial, despite the publication of reports of randomized trials and comparative studies. Excessive collapse, loss of fixation, and cut-out of the lag screw resulting in poor function remain problem associated with internal fixation of unstable intertrochanteric fracture in the elderly patient with osteoporotic bone. To allow earlier postoperative weight-bearing and to avoid excessive collapse at the fracture site, prosthetic replacement is recommended for the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures, but has not gained widespread support. So, a review of functional outcome of prosthetic replacement for unstable intertrochanteric fracture was done which shows a good functional outcome, pain free joint with minimal complications.

Introduction: Anxiety is increasingly seen in population of young adults affecting their performance in day to day life. Although studies have shown individual effect of relaxation and yoga on anxiety, in this study this two methods are being used and the effect of the same was compared due to the limited literature on the comparison. Objective: To compare the effect of relaxation exercise and the 12 moves of yoga on anxiety in young adult students. Background: Earlier studies have described the effect of exercise traning and yoga intervention on anxiey.There is lack of study comparing the effect of both interventions on anxiety in young adults. Methods: Sample size of 30 young adults who were having anxiety according to the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and who satisfied the inclusion criteria was taken and divided into two groups. Group A which included 15 participants were given relaxation exercise (Ost's method) and Group B consisting of 15 participants were given the 12 moves of yoga. The interventions were given for seven days to both the groups and were assessed pre and post intervention using Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and the difference was noted. Results: The results of this study were analysed in terms of age, gender and Hamilton anxiety rating scale. Pre and post statistical analysis was done within and between the two groups. Conclusion: Relaxation technique (Ost's method) and the 12 moves of yoga both were found to be equally effective in reducing anxiety in young adults.

Introduction: Aging is a natural phenomenon and old age is regarded as inevitable biological process. Human aging is associated with a wide range of physiological changes that not only make us susceptible to death, but limit our normal functions and render us more susceptible to a number of diseases. In geriatric age group balance is most commonly hampered. Hence Swiss ball therapy and Balance board therapy can be used as an intervention to improve balance in geriatric population. Objective: To study the effect of Swiss ball therapy & Balance board therapy on improvement of balance in geriatric age group. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Methodology: 30 participant of age above 65 were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A and Group B. Group A were given Swiss ball therapy and Group B were given balance board therapy. Both the group were assess with Tinetti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) Results: The results of this study were analyzed in terms of age and Tinneti Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA). Pre and post statistical analysis was done within and between the two groups (p =0.001 ) Conclusion: Swiss ball therapy and balance board therapy both equally effective in improving balance in geriatric population.

Objectives: To study and compare the effectiveness of conventional balance exercise training program and Swiss ball exercise training program on balance function in geriatric population. Methodology: 30 individuals were recruited and randomized into two groups A and B. 14 days intervention was given in which group A received the conventional core strengthening exercise and group B underwent Swiss ball balance training program. Pre-intervention and post intervention scores of Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and Functional Reach Test (FRT) was measured and data were analyzed using t test. Results: The pre and post comparison of TUG and FRT showed significant change in balance in both the groups (p 0.001). Conclusion: Both conventional and Swiss ball exercise program were proved to be equally effective in improving balance in geriatrics.

Study design: Experimental study design Objective: Study was designed to rule out the effect of the plyometric training on athletes. Summary of background: Goal of the long jumper has to develop the most efficient training technique to maximize performance. Resistance training improves strength but not speed. The plyometric exercises train the fast muscle fibers and the nerves that activate them as well as reflex and hence it is one of the primary tools which enhance both i.e. strength and speed. Purpose of this study: Find out the effect of PLYT on long jump performance in athletes. Methodology: 60 long jump players were randomly allocated to group-A (control group-30) and group-B (plyometric training group-30) for 6 week training program. Pre and post training measurements of standing long jump (SLJ) and horizontal long jump (HLT) were taken. Results: Group-A shows significant difference for pre and post SLJ (t= -10.579. p < 0.01). Group-B shows significant difference for pre and post SLJ (t = -11.989, p < 0.01). Inter group (post-A and post-B) result shows significant difference for SLJ (t=-7.934. p< 0.0001). Conclusion: Identification of PLYT program as more beneficial and effective than free mobility exercise training program and have positive effect on long jump performance.

Purpose: To determine the effect of balance training in high school athletes after lateral ankle sprains. Subject: 60 male subjects aged 15-18 years Methods: 60 high school male athletes in the age group of 15-18 years with lateral ankle sprain were assigned to training. Subjects of training group participated in a 4(four) week balance training program based on a compilation of the rehabilitation and balance validated and published in prior studies. SEBT and CAIT score were taken to measure severity of functional ankle stability during pre - and post- balance training programme. Result: After balance training ,significant differences were found in reach distance of SEBT score in Anterior(A), Lateral(L), Medial(M), Anteromedial(AM), Anterolateral(AL), Posteromedial (PM) and Posterolateral(PL); whereas the reach distance in posterior(P) direction showed insignificant difference. Significant difference was noted in the post-training CAIT score Conclusion: Balance training program significantly reduces the risk of recurrent ankle sprains in high school athletes with lateral ankle sprain.

Study Design: Randomized controlled single blinded clinical trial. Objective: To identify prevalence of thoraco-lumbar dysfunction (TLD) and analyze the role of latissimus dorsi and Lower Trapezius in it. Summary of background data: 30% of chronic mechanical back pains are due to TLD. The thoracolumbar and Lower Trapezius muscles control the dynamic and postural stability of the lower spine. Though core stabilization exercises are widely recommended for low back pain, but no reports are available for exercises specific to thoraco-lumbar dysfunction. Methods: 30 subjects in age group of 25 to 40 years with non traumatic, chronic mechanical low back pain were identified for study and randomly divided into two groups. Group-A (n=15): core stabilization exercises with Latissimus dorsi and Group-B (n=15): latissimus dorsi strengthening, core stabilization and Lower trapezius exercises. Primary outcome measure was pain intensity (VAS score). Secondary outcome measures were general health (SF-36) and back pain disability (Aberdeen back pain disability score). Outcome measurement scores were compared using paired t-test. Results: Core muscles, latissimus dorsi along with lower trapezius strengthening alone is more effective in relieving pain and improving life than strengthening of core muscles and latissimus dorsi alone. Conclusion: Identification of TLD as a cause of low back pain is recommended in all non-traumatic, chronic, mechanical low back pains. Strengthening of Latissimus dorsi along with Lower Trapezius relieves thoraco-lumbar related back pain.