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Rishabha Malviya,1,* Shakshi Raj,1,* Shivkanya Fuloria,2,* Vetriselvan Subramaniyan,3,* Kathiresan Sathasivam,4 Usha Kumari,5 Dhanalekshmi Unnikrishnan Meenakshi,6 Omji Porwal,7 Darnal Hari Kumar,8 Amit Singh,1 Srikumar Chakravarthi,9 Neeraj Kumar Fuloria2,* 1Department of Pharmacy, SMAS, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, U.P., India; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia; 3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, 42610, Malaysia; 4Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia; 5Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia; 6Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Muscat, 130, Oman; 7Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, 44001, KRG, Iraq; 8Department of Pathology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Johor Bahru, 80200, Malaysia; 9Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, 42610, Malaysia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Neeraj Kumar FuloriaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, MalaysiaTel +60 164037685Email neerajkumar@aimst.edu.myShivkanya FuloriaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Kedah, 08100, MalaysiaTel +60 143034057Email shivkanya_fuloria@aimst.edu.myPurpose: The present study was intended to fabricate chitosan (Ch)-tamarind gum polysaccharide (TGP) polyelectrolyte complex stabilized cubic nanoparticles of simvastatin and evaluate their potential against human breast cancer cell lines.Materials and Methods: The antisolvent precipitation method was used for formulation of nanoparticles. Factorial design (32) was utilized as a tool to analyze the effect of Ch and TGP concentration on particle size and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles.Results: Formulated nanoparticles showed high entrapment efficiency (67.19± 0.42– 83.36± 0.23%) and small size (53.3– 383.1 nm). The present investigation involved utilization of two biological membranes (egg and tomato) as biological barriers for drug release. The study revealed that drug release from tomato membranes was retarded (as compared to egg membranes) but the release pattern matched that of egg membranes. All formulations followed the Baker–Lansdale model of drug release irrespective of the two different biological barriers. Stability studies were carried out for 45 days and exhibited less variation in particle size as well as a reduction in entrapment efficiency. Simvastatin loaded PEC stabilized nanoparticles exhibited better control on growth of human breast cancer cell lines than simple simvastatin. An unusual anticancer effect of simvastatin nanoparticles is also supported by several other research studies.Conclusion: The present study involves first-time synthesis of Ch-TGP polyelectrolyte complex stabilized nanoparticles of simvastatin against MCF-7 cells. It recommends that, in future, theoretical modeling and IVIVC should be carried out for perfect designing of delivery systems.Keywords: polysaccharide, polyelectrolyte, cubic nanoparticles, simvastatin, breast cancer, tamarind

Sheba R David,1 Nurafiqah Malek,1 Abdul Hanif Mahadi,2 Srikumar Chakravarthi,3 Rajan Rajabalaya1 1PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; 2Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences (CAMES), Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam; 3School of Medicine, Perdana University, Jalan MAEPS Perdana, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Background: Peritonitis is the most serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. Staphylococcus aureus infections could lead to peritonitis which causes reversal of peritoneal dialysis treatment back to hemodialysis. The aim of this study was to develop a controlled release silicone adhesive-based mupirocin patch for prophylactic effect and analyze its antibacterial effectiveness against S. aureus.Methods: The matrix patches were prepared by using different polymers, with and without silicone adhesive, dibutyl sebacate and mupirocin. The patches were characterized for mechanical properties, drug content, moisture content, water absorption capacity and Fourier transform infrared spectrum. In vitro release studies were performed by using Franz diffusion cell. In vitro disk diffusion assay was performed on the Mueller–Hinton Agar plate to measure the zone of inhibition of the patches. The in vivo study was performed on four groups of rats with bacterial counts at three different time intervals, along with skin irritancy and histopathologic studies. Results: The patches showed appropriate average thickness (0.63–1.12 mm), tensile strength (5.08–10.08 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (21.53–42.19 MPa). The drug content ranged from 94.5% to 97.4%, while the moisture content and water absorption capacities at two relative humidities (75% and 93%) were in the range of 1.082–3.139 and 1.287–4.148 wt%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that there were no significant interactions between the polymer and the drug. The highest percentage of drug release at 8 hours was 47.94%. The highest zone of inhibition obtained was 28.3 mm against S. aureus. The in vivo studies showed that the bacterial colonies were fewer at 1 cm (7×101 CFU/mL) than at 2 cm (1.3×102 CFU/mL) over a 24-hour period. The patches were nonirritant to the skin, and histopathologic results also showed no toxic or damaging effects to the skin. Conclusion: The in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that controlled release patches reduced the migration of S. aureus on the live rat skin effectively, however, a longer duration of study is required to determine the effectiveness of the patch on a suitable peritonitis-induced animal model. Keywords: transdermal delivery, matrix patch, peritonitis, antibacterial, dialysis infection, histopathology