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Eukaryotic cells release different types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, apoptotic bodies and microvesicles. EVs carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids specific to cells and cell states. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process, which, along with EVs, can significantly affect the development and progression of neurological diseases and, therefore, has been the hotspot. Generally, EVs and autophagy are closely associated. EVs and autophagy can interact with each other. On the one hand, the level of autophagy in target cells is closely related to the secretion and transport of EVs. In another, the application of EVs provides a great opportunity for adjuvant treatment of neurological disorders, for which autophagy is an excellent target. EVs can release their cargos into target cells, which, in turn, regulate the autophagic level of target cells through autophagy-related proteins directly and the non-coding RNA, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) 1-B, etc. signaling pathways indirectly, thus regulating the development of related neurological disorders., Competing Interests: Wei Wei and Yongli Pan should be considered co-first authors.The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 Wei et al.)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole joint disease characterized by synovitis, cartilage destruction, and subchondral bone sclerosis and cyst. Despite decades' study, effective treatment is rare for this chronic disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptosis bodies, are nano-sized vesicles with a cargo containing biologically active agents, such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. As a group of short non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) can be delivered by parental cells secreted EVs. Negatively regulate the target mRNAs at the posttranscriptional level and regulate gene expression in recipient cells without modifying gene sequence. Recently, most studies focused on the function of EVs mediated miRNAs in the pathophysiological process of OA. However, all kinds of EVs specific and OA specific factors might influence the administration of EVs-miRNAs, especially the precise quantitative management. As a result, the flourishing of current research about EVs in the laboratory might not promote the relevant clinical transformation in OA treatment. In this review, we reviewed the present application of EVs-miRNAs in the therapeutic of OA and further analyzed the potential factors that might influence its application. Further progress in the quantitative management of EVs-miRNAs would accelerate the clinical transformation of miRNAs enriched EVs in the OA field., Competing Interests: No potential conflicts of interest for this work were reported by the authors., (© 2022 Shang et al.)

Nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (Neat1) located at chromosome 11 is a long non-coding RNA that is widely expressed in mammalian cell types, and which is overexpressed in several inflammation-related disorders. Inflammation implies a plethora of mutual interactions between both soluble factors and cells due to various stimuli including tissue injury. Although there is no doubt that inflammation is critically involved in multiple biological and pathological processes alike, the precise mechanisms being involved are still open for debate. In this context, the role of Neat1 as a regulator of inflammation, microglial activation, and lipid accumulation under various inflammatory conditions remains elusive. Herein, we review the regulation of Neat1 and how it modulates the expression of its target genes. Thereafter, we will review the impact of Neat1 on inflammation by activating or inhibiting various signaling pathways, such as microRNAs, AKT, TLR4, TRAF6, and NF-κB., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 Pan et al.)

As a crucial kind of pervasive gene, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundant and key players in brain function as well as numerous neurological disorders, especially ischemic stroke. The mechanisms underlying ischemic stroke include angiogenesis, autophagy, apoptosis, cell death, and neuroinflammation. Inflammation plays a vital role in the pathological process of ischemic stroke, and systemic inflammation affects the patient's prognosis. Although a great deal of research has illustrated that various lncRNAs are closely relevant to regulate neuroinflammation and microglial activation in ischemic stroke, the specific interactional relationships and mechanisms between lncRNAs and neuroinflammation have not been described clearly. This review aimed to summarize the therapeutic effects and action mechanisms of lncRNAs on ischemia by regulating inflammation and microglial activation. In addition, we emphasize that lncRNAs have the potential to modulate inflammation by inhibiting and activating various signaling pathways, such as microRNAs, NF-κB and ERK., Competing Interests: Yongli Pan, Qingzheng Jiao, Wei Wei and Tianyang Zheng should be considered co-first authors. The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2021 Pan et al.)

Background and Purpose: Previous studies have identified many risk factors related to the recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs). Among these factors, there may be deviations in measuring the midline shift, preoperative hematoma volume (PreHV), postoperative hematoma residual volume, and postoperative pneumocephalus in bilateral CSDHs. The aims of this study were to eliminate the impact of complicated situations on parameter measurement and to identify actual predictors for CSDH recurrence, and finally, to develop a grading system to predict unilateral CSDH (uCSDH) recurrence., Patients and Methods: A total of 342 patients with uCSDH were identified. Predictors of uCSDH recurrence were obtained from univariable and multivariable logistic regression models. A prognostic grading system was developed based on the results of multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. All patients were scored according to the grading system, and differences in the recurrence rate were reanalyzed according to the scores., Results: Age, antiplatelet or anticoagulant use, midline shift, severe brain atrophy, drainage volume, and the ratio of the postoperative pneumocephalus volume (PostPV) to the postoperative hematoma cavity volume (PostHCV) were identified as independent risk factors for predicting the recurrence of uCSDH. The cut-off values of age, drainage volume, midline shift, and the ratio of the PostPV to the PostHCV were 67 years, 101 mL, 11.2 mm, and 31.61%, respectively. The recurrence rates were 1.7%, 12.4%, 19.4%, 53.3%, and 58.3% for scores of 0-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5-6, respectively, which significantly increased as the score increased ( P< 0. 001)., Conclusion: The prognostic grading system for uCSDH on the basis of multivariable logistic regression and ROC analyses is applicable and reliable., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2019 Shen et al.)

Purpose: Genetic factors play a vital role in intracranial aneurysm (IA) onset and development. Studying the relationship between IA and the Sox17 polymorphisms in diverse populations is essential for establishing credibility., Patients and Methods: We collected blood samples derived from a total of 596 sporadic IA patients and 600 individual controls in several medical institutes in China. We used the Sequenom MassArray system for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping after DNA extraction. The SNPs data was tested and analyzed in PLINK (version 1.9). Multiple-testing was performed in PLINK to make the statistics more rigorous and accurate., Results: We found that the allelic G of rs1072737 (OR=1.303, genomic-control corrected P -value =0.001032) is a risk allele, while the allelic G of rs9298506 (OR=0.7253, genomic-control corrected P -value =0.01559) is a protective allele in Chinese Han people., Conclusion: The allelic G of rs1072737 is a risk factor for IA, while the allelic G of rs9298506 serves as a protective factor for IA in Chinese Han people., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.