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Objective: To explore the impact of drawing on students’ understanding of histology. To determine if students who draw images can score better than those who do not. Study design: Quasi experimental. Place and duration of study: Histology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, from January 2017 to September 2017. Methods: This histological study was carried out during the Endocrinology and reproduction module (ENR) in January, 2017. There students were divided into two groups, A and B of 50 students assigned by random sampling. During the first half of the module Group A drew the microscopic image of the slide in the practical notebook as a normal practice. Group B was shown images only and the task of drawing the images in the practical note book was excluded. At the end of four weeks MCQ paper of 50 questions of higher order thinking to check their concepts of applied histology was given to students. For the next half of the module the groups were flipped over by a cross-over design and Group A only saw the microscopic image and Group B drew the histological image. A second test of MCQs of higher level of application of knowledge was given at the end of four weeks. Results: Analysis of data showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores obtained by the drawing group and non-drawing group (p>0.05) in both test I and test II. However there is a statistically significant difference in the mean scores of the same group when they draw the microscopic image and when they do not (p

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of bedside tests for prediction of difficult airway scheduled for ophthalmological surgeries under general anesthesia. Methods: This prospective study was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from March 2020 to October 2020. All pediatric and adult patients with American society of anesthesiologist grade I to IV undergoing elective ophthalmological surgeries under general anesthesia were consecutively enrolled. Mallampati grading, sternomental, thyromental distance, and mouth opening used as the predictors tools whereas Cormack and Lehane (CL) classification validated with on table laryngoscopy. Grade I and II were assigned as easy laryngoscopy whereas grade III and IV were declared as difficult intubation. Results: Of 232 patients, difficult intubation was observed in 36 (15.5%). Sensitivity and specificity of thyromental distance was 80.5% and 99.4% respectively. Whereas sensitivity of mouth opening was 66.6% and specificity was 99.4%. In case of sternomental distance, sensitivity and specificity corresponded to 61.6% and 100% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of Modified Mallampati Grading was 97.2% and 96.4% respectively. The relationship between CL grading and MMC showed that all the patients with CL grade I had Malampati grade I, i.e., 28 (100%), while all patients with CL grade IV had Malampati grade IV, i.e., 7 (100%). Conclusion: Bedside tests prove to be useful parameters for prediction of difficult airway at pre-anesthesia assessment among which Mallampati test is most sensitive and specific, subsequently ensuring availability of difficult intubation equipment, which is a focus of concern in third world countries.