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The proinsulin is one of indices reflecting functional activity of pancreas. Under insulin-independent diabetes ration proinsulin/insulin increases. The study was carried out to evaluate content of proinsulin and other biochemical indices of blood serum depending on stage of compensation of diabetes mellitus type II. The content of proinsulin in blood serum was detected using "sandwich"-technique enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BioVender, Czechia). The concentration of proinsulin in blood serum of control group comprised 2,56 ± 0,23 nmol/l. No gender and age differences were established concerning content of proinsulin in blood serum of patients. The concentration of proinsulin was twice higher than control level in group of patients. Two main groups were singled out: one with high content (concentration thrice exceeded average value in control group) and another with low content of proinsulin (within standard value). The patients with stages of compensated and sub-compensated diabetes (n=35) retained low concentration of proinsulin. At the stage of decompensation of diabetes (n=40) concentration of proinsulin was thrice higher than standard value. This group was characterized by increasing of concentration of glucose, fructosamine and decreasing of concentration of C-peptide. At the stage of decompensation concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol and atherogenicity index increased reliably. The concentration of proinsulin at the stage of decompensation positively correlated with level of glucose and concentration of triglycerides. Therefore, measurement of concentration of proinsulin can be used as an important diagnostic criterion permitting to judge about degree of decompensation of diabetes and development of its complications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.