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This article is dedicated to the analysis of the premises, causes, content, and impact of the 1992 war to defend the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, the effect of the Moldovan-Russian Agreement of 21.07.1992 on the principles of peaceful settlement of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of Moldova. The paper presents the chronology of historical and geopolitical events related to Bessarabia, annexed in 1812 by the Russian Empire, occupied by the Red Army of the USSR according to the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of August 1939, subject to armed rebellion in 1990-1992, period of disintegration. of the Soviet Union and the self-determination of the Republic of Moldova as a sovereign and independent state. The author refers to the political-legal processes of becoming a sovereign and independent state of the Republic of Moldova, as well as to establishing a criminal, anti-national and separatist regime in the eastern districts of the Republic, supported by the 14th Army of the Russian Federation - the real war against the constitutional order of the Republic of Moldova.

Working as a history teacher in two gymnasiums in Orhei District and also as a PhD student, in the field of History at the University “Valahia” of Târgoviște (Romania) I had the opportunity to discover the epic of history textbooks. Recently, the scientific concerns are directly related to the study of history textbooks in the Republic of Moldova and Romania, the concepts of war and peace in the historical educational ensemble and cultural, national, European and universal values. Recent personal publications highlight elements of natural, cultural and ethnocultural heritage emanating from all history textbooks. My research and articles are focused on similarities and differences of history curricula on both banks of the Prut and the reform of historical education in these countries with a special focus on the development, production and dissemination of history textbooks.

The separatist conflict in the eastern districts of the Republic of Moldova – the premises and sources that fueled it, the events it has provoked over the years, the 1992 war and other various related topics generate diverse and contradictory narratives among interested political actors. The rhetoric of Chisinau, Tiraspol and the Kremlin denotes opposed visions and positions. While in Chisinau officials talk about the independence and territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, internationally recognized in 1991, in Moscow and on the left bank of the Nistru they make arguments to justify the actions undertaken by Tiraspol separatists over the past three decades to create and consolidate the so-called Transnistrian „statehood” – existing de facto, but not recognized by anyone internationally.

The process of transition from the unipolar world order, with the centre of power in Washington, to the multipolar one – with several centres of power, was determined by the emergence of some states, which assert themselves as new geopolitical poles in the architecture of world security. They are China, which is the main economic challenge to the USA, Russia, which, although it fails to assert itself as an economic power, is a military power, due to the potential of nuclear weapons that it still has since the Cold War, but also due to developments in the field of other modern weapons. In the future, we can expect the assertion of other states as poles of power: India, Iran, Brazil, the The Republic of South Africa, etc. The evolution of Turkey is interesting: although it is a member of NATO (an organization in which the USA has a hard word in the decision-making structure), it tries to assert itself as a pole of power in the Islamic space (concerning the Arab world) and in the Turkish world (from Azerbaijan to Middle Asia).

Orheiul Vechi is one of the most attractive cultural sites in the Republic of Moldova and one of the most frequently discussed. The density of sites and the continuity of living in this space has made Orheiul Vechi attractive for the multidisciplinary research since 1946. In the context of preparing the dossier for the inscription of the historic-cultural and natural landscape reserve “Or-heiul Vechi” into the World Heritage List, a series of studies have been carried out in the last two decades. Some of these scientific approaches include non-invasive surveys in various areas of the reservation. Thus, in this article, all the results of magnetometric surveys carried out by a Moldovan-Romanian-Ger¬man team in 2009-2014, have been presented for the first time. The surveys confirmed a number of archaeological situations already known and facilitated new discoveries that should be developed in the coming years.

The main research question of this paper is How the twentieth century leaders are treated in the History textbooks published within the last decade in the Republic of Moldova? The textbooks are a reflection of the History curriculum. Therefore, the analysis starts with the discussion of this document and its content concerning leaders and heroes. The main research sources are the History textbooks published in Moldova during the last decade that debate the events of the twentieth century. The paper analyses how the national, European and world leaders are treated in Moldovan textbooks, and how the discourse and the paradigm get changed depending on political regimes. Based on quantitative and qualitative methods, some conclusions have been made about various leaders, such as Lenin, Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini, Antonescu or leaders from the Cold War era. At the end, the leaders of independent Moldova are briefly presented too. As a result of this analysis we could see how the leaders are presented in the Moldovan textbooks and could conclude that the policy makers, textbook authors and publishers have to pay more attention to this topic.