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Introduction: We aim to perform a systematic review of the current use of cadaveric models in urology and analyze their role within urological training and the experimentation of novel surgical techniques., Evidence Acquisition: A systematic review of the current literature was conducted through the Medline and NCBI PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases in September 2019. All papers published after 2000, concerning studies conducted on human cadaveric models for training in urological surgical procedures, developing of new techniques and technologies were considered for the review., Evidence Synthesis: From the literature search we found a total of 3769 different articles of those only 58 articles were included in the study. Eleven studies (19%) were published between 2000 and 2009, and the trend increased almost fourfold in the following period (2010-2019) with 47 studies (81%) being published. Surprisingly, a clear statement on the approval of the use of cadavers was written in less than 50% of the studies. About the 48% of the studies were aimed to experiment a novel surgical technique while in the 31% of studies the cadavers were used for surgical training. More than half of the studies evaluated did not provide any information about the type and method of preparation of cadaveric models while specific outcomes in terms of satisfaction with the use of cadaver models were reported clearly only in less than a third of them., Conclusions: The quality of the materials and methods described in most studies is often characterized by poor detail with regards to the preservation and preparation of the bodies and the satisfaction of use, which might affect training and testing.

Introduction: Radical cystectomy (RC) is one of the most complex and morbid surgical procedures in urology, that is not devoid of postoperative complications. Minimally invasive surgery, and especially robot-assisted RC (RARC) has emerged as an alternative to open RC (ORC) in an attempt to minimize surgical morbidity and facilitate the surgical approach. The aim of this paper was to present the current knowledge on the oncological efficacy and complication outcomes of RARC., Evidence Acquisition: A non-systematic review on all relevant studies with the keywords "Radical cystectomy," "Open," "Robot-assisted," "Complications," "Recurrence," "Survival," "Neobladder," "Potency," "Continence" and "Intracorporeal" was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, American Urological Association (AUA), European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) and European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines., Evidence Synthesis: RARC shows similar lymph node yields and positive surgical margin rates as well as perioperative complication outcomes compared with ORC. RARC exhibits significantly less blood loss and less intra- and postoperative blood transfusion. Moreover, survival and recurrence rates are not related to the surgical approach. Finally, RARC seems to be more expensive and has a longer operating time compared to the open technique., Conclusions: As current evidence shows, RARC seems as a technically feasible and safe procedure, providing equivalent perioperative and oncological results compared to ORC. More prospective, randomized-controlled trials are necessary to draw definitive conclusions on all comparative aspects.

Lymph node dissection represents an essential surgical step in the treatment of the most commonly treated urological cancers. The introduction of robotic surgery has lead to the possibility of treating these diseases with a minimally invasive surgical approach, but the surgical principles of open surgery need to be carefully respected in order to achieve comparable oncological results. Therefore, the robotic approach to urological cancers must include a carefully performed lymph node dissection when indicated. In the current manuscript we reviewed the current indications and extensions of lymph node dissection in prostate, bladder, testicular, upper urinary tract, renal and penile cancers respectively, with a special focus on the state of the art surgical technique for each procedure.

Although Malassezia yeasts are a part of the normal microflora, under certain conditions they can cause superficial skin infection, such as pityriasis versicolor (PV) and Malassezia folliculitis. Moreover the yeasts of the genus Malassezia have been associated with seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and, less commonly, with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis, onychomycosis, and transient acantholytic dermatosis. The study of the clinical role of Malassezia species has been surrounded by controversy due to the relative difficulty in isolation, cultivation, and identification. This review focuses on the clinical, mycologic, and immunologic aspects of the various skin diseases associated with Malassezia. Moreover, since there exists little information about the epidemiology and ecology of Malassezia species in the Italian population and the clinical significance of these species is not fully distinguished, we will report data about a study we carried out. The aim of our study was the isolation and the identification of Malassezia species in PV-affected skin and non-affected skin in patients with PV and in clinically healthy individuals without any Malassezia associated skin disease.

Three patients with intestinal metastases from a malignant melanoma are presented. The pathological and clinical findings are reviewed. The symptoms are variable , but usually include unexplained anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction. X-ray examination of gastrointestinal tract can reveal multiple metastatic lesions with so-called typical "Bull's eye" sign. Surgical excision is indicated and extended survival due to improved chemotherapy and immunotherapy is stressed.

The management of septic abdominal complications in 35 cases of diverticular perforation is discussed.