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The plasma pinch on the basis of a gas jet with special density distribution is described. The gas jet was produced by means of a pulse gas valve with a nozzle that was capable of forming a gas flow with a maximum density in the center of the discharge gap. The diagnostic techniques involved measurements of the discharge current and the pinch voltage, the size of the radiation area and the X-ray intensity. The experiments with different gases (Ar, Ne and N2) showed that as a result of the discharge at this gas distribution the hot plasma area of "point" form (its typical size is 100 µm and lifetime 3-5 ns) arises in the middle of the discharge gap. This area is the X-ray source of energy of quanta 50-5000 eV. The radiation spectrum depends on the gas type. The experimental results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical single- and double-quantum three-dimensional Fourier-transform spectra are obtained for atomic vapors. We show that three-dimensional spectra can be used to identify the Hamiltonian of complex systems and to reveal the nature of many-body interactions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]