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The utilization of technology in education is very important to improve the quality of learning. This article discusses training for SMK teachers in Bandung in the use of barcode scanners as a medium for cultural arts learning. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive analysis, data were obtained through observation, interviews and documentation. The workshop was attended by 16 teachers and showed high enthusiasm and increased competence in integrating this technology into teaching. Although the limited infrastructure and short duration of the training were obstacles, the results showed the potential of barcode technology to improve student interaction and engagement. Recommendations include continuous training, infrastructure improvement, and evaluation of technology-based materials.

Substitution of wheat flour with other ingredients in food processing is currently being considered for developing healthy food products. Purple Sweet Potato flour is one option that can be used as a substitute for wheat flour. In this study, cookies were made with purple sweet potato flour as a substitute. This study aims to determine the best formulation and analyze the proximate and hedonic characteristics to determine consumer acceptance of purple sweet potato cookies through sensory tests. This research is a completely randomized design experiment. treatment is the ratio of the amount of wheat flour and purple sweet potato flour in the processing of pastries. The parameters tested were moisture content, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and organoleptic (taste, aroma, color, and texture). The results of the proximate analysis illustrate that, compared with control cookies, cookies substituted with purple sweet potato had higher carbohydrate, ash, fiber, and water content, while the fat and protein content became lower. Purple sweet potato flour can substitute up to 100% wheat flour, but based on research results, most of the panelists didn't like the taste. Most of the panelists liked the taste, aroma, and texture of cookies with a concentration of 25% purple sweet potato flour substitution compared to wheat flour. Based on the color parameters, most of the panelists liked cookies with a purple sweet potato flour substitution concentration of 50%.

Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane (DDT) is an organochlorine insecticide that are largely used on agriculture and health sectors. DDT is an organic pollutant that are difficult to be dissolved and tend to survive in the environment for a long time because it is highly stable and persistent. DDT insecticide residue is still discovered in the soil even though its utilization has been stopped years ago and still negatively impacting human life and the environment through bio accumulation and bio magnification. Bioremediation is a potential method to remove recalcitrance compound such as DDT. The objective of this study is to gather and analyze information on DDT degradation by bacteria consortium with co-substrate addition. Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteria consortium were utilized to remediate DDT with glucose, sucrose, and yeast extract as cosubstrates. During 72 hours of observation, the three co-substrates namely yeast extract, glucose, and sucrose are able to degrade 75%, 56% and 39.55% of 10 ppm DDT. Yeast is the most ideal co-substrate to assist bacteria consortium growth and to degrade DDT. The implementation of pilot scale land treatment bioremediation is planned to be at 50m3, with dimension of 20m length, 5m wide, and 0.5m high. The efficiency of the removal reached 90% with 67 hours of detention time.

Environmental pollution by crude oil has become a serious problem all over the world with high level of oil spillage or leaks comes from damaged crude oil piping, tankers storage, offshore drilling, and illegal oil waste dumping cases. The objective of this research is to study crude oil polluted land recovery process with biotechnological approach. Technology to safely remove oil pollutant in the environment is bioremediation due to its low cost, high efficiency level, environmentally friendly, and sustainability. Three isolate bacteria namely Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas xanthomarina, and Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus were utilized as bioremediation agents to perform land remediation with biostimulation-bioaugmentation (BS-BA) approach. After 25 days, 31,000 mg/kg of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) was decreased into 90-10000 mg/kg or equal to 67.7% to 99.70%. We also detected 14,000 mg/kg decrease of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) into 8 to 40 mg/kg with detection limit of 99.94% to % in just 5-10 days. TPH removal kinetic calculation by using Pseudomonas xanthomarina bacteria resulted YT, Kd, Yobs, and Ks respectively at 0.002/hour, 0.001/hour, 0.0361/hour, and 0.0002/hour, by using order 2 formula with regression value of 0.9482. We recommend conducting land farming processing which consists of 2 beds with volumes of 55 m3/bed in order to remediate 159 ton of crude oil polluted soil by utilizing 9.6 L of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria for 3723 hours. Based on the findings, we concluded that bioremediation is available on crude oil polluted soil.

Community-based Sanitation (SANIMAS) is an activity to address sanitation problems in Indonesia. 88% of communities in Temanggung Regency dispose of domestic wastewater directly into the river without any prior treatment. As an effort to protect the environment, the SANIMAS program was developed with the Local Domestic Waste Management System (SPALDS). The objective is to identify the relationship between factors influencing community participation and the sustainability of the SANIMAS program. Factors influencing community participation are technological, institutional, financial and economic, socio-cultural, and environmental. Community participation is determined based on the SANIMAS program stages, namely input, process, and output as well as the sustainability of the SANIMAS program. This research uses the quantitative method of Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS version 3.0. The results of this study indicate that technological, institutional, financial and economic, and socio-cultural factors have a positive effect on community participation and sustainability. Technological, institutional, and socio-cultural factors have a significant effect on community participation and sustainability with T-statistic values 2.659, 2.136, and 2.73 and P-values 0.008, 0.033, and 0.007. These factors affect the positive and significant correlation of community participation to the sustainability of the SANIMAS program.

PT. X has several products produced for distributors and consumers. One of the products produced is a liquid chemical product, namely ammonia which is distributed via tank trucks or containers. If the ammonia gas reaches a volume of 16-17% and flies freely in the air, an explosion may occur which will become a source of fire for the ammonia spray that comes out at high pressure. From the hazard description, it proves that the process of filling and transporting ammonia through tank trucks has many risks that can cause work accidents for workers in the loading and transporting sector of ammonia. The specific aim of this research is to determine the company’s level of preparedness in dealing with disaster failure of the ammonia loading system on tank trucks or containers and determine mitigation steps. To assess the level of disaster preparedness or readiness assessment, this research uses a checklist. The standard used in making this checklist is CAR (Capability Assessment of Readiness) Emergency Management Function. After all the checklist data is obtained, a validity test and reliability test will be carried out. The results of the readiness assessment showed that the emergency preparedness level was 47% fully capable and 53% very capable. Mitigation preparation is proposed based on the results of the readiness assessment. The non-structural mitigation provided is that management should not only provide a regular schedule for worker training, but management must also pay attention to the material that will be delivered at the training; management is advised to make a regular schedule to provide emergency response system training to the community around PT. X; provision of safety equipment during an emergency is very important to note; management should carry out equipment control efforts during the design stage.

Bantul District has the highest number of leptospirosis cases in Yogyakarta Province. Transmission of leptospirosis occurs primarily through exposure to water and soil contaminated with the urine of infected animals. This study aims to describe the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in Bantul District, Yogyakarta. This is cross-sectional research. Leptospirosis cases were collected from active and passive detections. Selected positive cases underwent home visits for interviews about epidemiological data. Rat surveys were carried out to find out the existing rat species and successful traps in the study area. The most leptospirosis cases were found at Kasihan public health center. There were 74 suspect cases, 4 probable cases, and 15 cases positively confirmed. The cases increased from January to April and from November - December. Cases in males were more related to his work as a farmer. Fever, headache and muscle aches are the most common symptoms felt by leptospirosis sufferers. The most caught rats was Rattus tanezumi. Leptospirosis epidemiological information can be used as a basis or reference for Bantul District Health Office in prevention and control of leptospirosis in priority areas

Rainfall change is one of the results of global climate change. It is required to analyse the impact of rainfall changes on flood risks. The aims of this research are (i) to model the watershed using the HECHMS hydrological model, (ii) to apply the scenario-neutral approach, (iii) to perform the frequency analysis using simulated discharges, and (iv) to determine the response and sensitivity of the watershed due to rainfall changes. This research uses a quantitative method using secondary data. The data required in this research are the watershed's geospatial and biogeophysical data. The simulation methods used in this model are the user Hyetograph Model, SCS Curve Number, Clark’s Unit Hydrograph, Recession Baseflow, and Muskingum Routing. The results of this research are (i) the hydrological model of the watershed with a percent bias score of 19.18% and an NSE score of 0.218; (ii) 130 total scenarios as the result of the RStudio using the scenario-neutral approach; (iii) the discharge result from frequency analysis with return periods of 1.1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, and 200 years; and (iv) the watershed’s sensitivity with the average highest maximum discharge from November to April and the average lowest maximum discharge from May to October.

Pyrolysis technology relies on efficient catalyst materials to expedite the process and improve the quality of the final product. Modified natural zeolite has emerged as a promising heterogeneous catalyst in this regard. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of natural zeolite sourced from Tasikmalaya, West Java, with the primary aim of evaluating its potential as a catalyst. The samples underwent acid treatment procedures and were extensively characterized using BET, TGA, SEM-EDX, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and FT-IR tests. XRD results indicated that the predominant frame structure of the Indonesian raw natural zeolite was mordenite, with a Si/Al ratio ranging from 5.0 to 6.0 and a surface area of approximately 23 m²/g. Following the 1M HCl acid treatment, a significant enhancement in the Si/Al ratio to 7.8 and a considerable expansion in surface area to 125.37 m²/g were observed. Moreover, the natural zeolite demonstrated remarkable thermal stability, thus underscoring its potential as a highly suitable catalyst for various pyrolysis applications.

The objective of this research is to remove Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) contained in crude oil by utilizing Acetobacter tropicalis and Lactobacillus casei bacteria consortium through degradation process. Crude oil degradation was conducted on Stone Mineral Salt Solution (SMSS) liquid media and artificial sea water in a controlled environment with limited system. The implemented variations on SMSS liquid media are differentiated based on acidity (pH) of 3, 5, and 7, with contact time of 7, 14, and 21 days. On the other hand, the variation implemented on artificial sea water only applied on contact time of 7, 14, and 21 days. Samples were incubated on a shaker incubator with 30°C and 150 rpm. The sensitivity test revealed that consortiom bacteria are resistant against crude oil, which proven by the missing inhibiting zone formation around disc paper that contains crude oil. This research shows that the optimum condition to degreade TPH both on SMSS liquid media and artificial sea water is at pH level of 7 in 7 days with TPH removal efficiency of 94%. This research provides an important information that Acetobacter tropicalis and Lactobacillus casei bacteria consortium has the potential to degrade crude oil TPH in a controlled environment.

Cat is one of the most popular domestic animals that human has domesticated for a long time, since then, there have been many breeds that can be difficult to identify with each breed having different health issues and care requirement, to resolve this problem we used Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) a widely used artificial intelligence deep learning model that has been used in many image classification problem, in this study we explored 11 different types of CNN-Based model architecture to be used in a fusion-based technique and fine-tune the model to further increase its performance, our results show that fusion model is a promising technique in classifying cat breeds that outperforms all of the individual CNN- Based model architecture with the 3 fusion model having an accuracy of 0.9053, precision of 0.9075, recall of 0.9053, and F1 score of 0.9016, additionally, fine-tuning only shows a small effect in increasing the fusion model performance.

The length-weight and condition factor can be used as an indicator of the condition for fish growth and to determine the suitability of the environment. The research objective was to evaluate the relationship between length-weight and condition factor of Hamilton's thryssa fish (Thryssa hamiltonii) from Pabean Bay West Java Indonesia. The researchers have been carried out to analyze the two essential parameters: the lengthweight relationship that can be used to evaluate and investigate stock density and condition factor of Hamilton's thryssa fish (Thryssa hamiltonii). A total of 195 fish samples were collected over the 8th month from the sea estuary and measured and weighed during a field survey conducted from April to December 2015. Samples of fish were collected using gillnet and set net. The total length of the fish ranged from 47-186 mm, with body weights ranging from 0.47 - 45.37 g. The results of the length-weight relationship were shown as regression was Y = 7E-07 X3.4339 or W = 7.45 x 10−7.L3.43389, and the condition factors ranged from 0.77 to 1.39. These research results indicated that the growth pattern of Hamilton's Thryssa fish (Thryssa hamiltonii) was positive allometric.

The natural disaster in pandemic covid-19 will still ongoing in East Java, Indonesia. Apart from the virus pandemic, there are still several potential disasters in that sub-district, namely floods and landslides. Many disasters have occurred resulting in the need for people living in the area to anticipate, especially if the three disasters occur simultaneously. In Malang, this case of sub-district apparatus and the BPBD Malang City has not been able to optimally help restore the condition of the community due to the complexity of conditions that occur in the field. Therefore, the community needs to know their capacity to be able to anticipate if it is two or three will happen. Capacity is a combination of all the forces that exist in a community, social or organizational group that can reduce the impact of disaster risk or impact (UN-ISDR, 2004). The capacity assessment in this study identifies the capitals owned by the community. These capitals include natural, human, physical, financial, and social capital. The five capitals will later be described in the pentagon assets so that it will be known which capacities in the capital are the strengths and weaknesses of the people of Dinoyo and Sukun sub-district

Urban parks in a developing country hardly accommodatepeople with disability. The objective of this study is to investigate thepossibility of improving urban parks using the perception of visuallyimpaired people of urban parks’ sonic environment. This study wasconducted off-site the urban park using a questionnaire survey with twogroups of participants: sighted people (35 participants) and visuallyimpaired people (35 participants). The analysis was conducted usingsemantic analysis of the word used for explaining the sonic environment. This study shows that the visually impaired participants explained thesonic environment with more terminologies (56 terminologies for visuallyimpaired participants and 32 terminologies for sighted participants). Itindicates the engagement with the sonic environment is higher for thevisually impaired participants compared to the sighted participants. Ingeneral, the visually impaired participant perception of urban parksrepresents a similar terminology, but with more perception compared to thesighted participants, i.e., safety, directivity, and space. The later stage is touse the on-site method to validate and enrich this finding to arrive at thedesign proposition for the improvement of urban parks.

The study is aimed to assess the navigation safety in the port surrounding the area as part of the Indonesian Government�s efforts to increase the port performance and minimize the cost of maritime logistics. The port navigation system and infrastructure such as vessels traffic management system, navigation lanes, port basin, quay, etc. play an important role in determining the productivity and efficiency of the port, especially in the busy port such as Tanjung Priok, Indonesia. Any accident would interrupt port activities and creates unnecessary costs. Formal Safety Assessment method, as introduced by the International Maritime Organization was implemented in the study. The assessment was carried out using qualitative and quantitative risks analyses, based on the available data and information gathered from various sources. It was identified that accidents occurred in the port waterfront were mainly due to the ships, environment, human factors, and management. Results of the assessment were then used as the basis for proposing an improvement strategy.

Experiments and theoretical analyses of sandwich materials which are used in the design of a solar-powered boat are required to fully complete the analysis of the hull strength. Rule analysis of global hull girder loads or panel under global loads (laminate buckling, maximum stress in each layer, and combined stress) will be used to determine the hull strength of the boat. In this research, the mechanical properties of facing laminate and sandwich material of VARTM-Vacuum Infusion are investigated. Moreover, the analysis from the result of the experiment and the theoretical calculation will be used as a reference to perform the hull strength calculations. From the experiment, an average tensile modulus of 15.21 GPa is obtained with a standard deviation of ± 1 GPa and the theoretical analyses calculation for the tensile modulus value is 54.990 5 GPa. Furthermore, an average flexural modulus value is 21 261.8 N mm-2 with a standard deviation of ± 2 301.17 N mm-2 and a theoretical analyses calculation for the flexural modulus value is 26 833.5 N mm-2. In the end, the calculation from the experimental and theoretical analysis may be applicable to calculate the hull strength of the vessel. In conclusion, the calculation of the hull strength of the solar-powered boat using the Bureau Veritas (BV) classification rules has met the required standards.

Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago with more than 17 000 islands, and the best marine tourism destination due to its beautiful beaches and underwater scenery, but Indonesia is also the most vulnerable country to be affected by climate change due to the greenhouse effect. Besides industry, the transportation sector is the highest contributor to the global greenhouse effect. In order to reduce the source of the greenhouse effect, the Indonesian Government has committed to using new and renewable energy as an alternative to fossil-based fuel. In an attempt to contribute to the Government’s efforts and to advance the national marine tourism, the research is aimed to design water recreational and sport vessel that powered by a solar generated electric engine, as further development of Universitas Indonesia’s solar boat participated in International Solar-boat Challenge competition in the Netherlands. The research is focused on the effective use of solar energy as the main source for powering the vessel’s electrical engine, based on the existing optimum shape and dimensions of the boat. Information and data regarding the arrangement of the vessel, solar electric generation processes and vessel powering system obtained from literature study, discussion with experts, and on the spot surveys of various recreational vessels were used as input for the calculation and simulation of the vessel being investigated. The research results are expected could be further developed for other related usages such as fish farming, coastal fishing rig, floating restaurant, etc.

This paper analyses factors that might cause accidents to the container ships due to containers stacked on deck, and propose applicable actions to minimize these factors. The number, capacity, and speed of hatch-coverless container ships worldwide have increased significantly since the latest decade due to the increase of world trade. There is also a trend of stacking more containers on deck in order to increase the capacity of the ships. This phenomenon makes the number of container ship accidents also increasing; particularly capsize or sink. Even though merchant ships have to comply with safety rules and regulations, but the number of accidents still significantly high. The accidents usually cause great loses to the cargo and damage the overall logistic system. The sources of container ship accidents can be categorized into the ship itself, the environment, human factor, and management. In this study, accidents data and related information were gathered through literature study, on the spot observation, and direct interviews with relevant parties. Causes of accidents were then identified using cause and effect analysis. Based on the findings from the analysis, options for overcoming them were simulated to obtain the most applicable solutions that would minimize the accidents.

Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands and has plenty of beautiful beaches and underwater spots which have great potential for maritime tourism. Tourism was ranked 3rd on Indonesia's foreign income and plays an important role for the country’s ecomony. Despite having potential advantages, the government has not yet maximized its efforts to develop the attractiveness of its maritime tourism. Beside the beautiful spots Indonesia is also blessed with all year long sun shine, which could be tapped as renewable and green energy as substitution to fossil fuel. Refer to these great advantages of natural resources the research was aimed to support the government’s program in developing its maritime tourism and to promote the use of green and renewable energy by designing a solar-powered tourism recreational boat which has 12 meters of length. The paper is focused on the design of solar energy and its electrical system, which includes conversion of solar energy to electrical energy and store it in the battery, the required electrical power is also predicted based on the appliances and equipment installed in the boat, the optimum attachment of solar panels on the boat structure is also calculated. All the methods and information we use are obtained from literature study, discussion with experts, and surveys to Jagur as solar-powered electric boat from Universitas Indonesia.

Coastal areas are highly vulnerable to disasters, as they are affected by events occurring both on land and at sea. In the development of cities in these areas, information on vulnerability levels is needed as a consideration in determining policy. This study aims to identify potential vulnerability of Semarang city, and to investigate the potential of hazard and disaster risk levels of the city. The study was conducted in 17 villages in the northern coastal area of Semarang. The assessment approach used was score analysis to some variables, i.e geomorphology, erosion, coastal slope, waves and socio-economic aspects. The research showed that the highest level of coastal vulnerability in the Semarang city were at three villages i.e.Terboyo Kulon, Terboyo Wetan and Trimulyo with value of 4.5; while the lowest level were at the Maron beach, Marina beach and Tanah Mas with value of 2.8. The highest potential coastal hazard in the Semarang city were at two villages i.e. Tanjung Mas and Tambak Lorok with value of 4.5; and the lowest value were in the village of Randugarut, Karanganyar, Tugurejo, Marina beach and Tanah Mas with value of 1.25.The highest level of coastal risk in the Semarang city were in the Trimulyo village with value of 3.13; and the lowest level were in the Marina beach and Tanah mas with value of 1.32.

Indonesia with its more than 17,000 islands and its geographical location as tropical country is blessed with many marine tourism destinations such as beautiful beaches and coral reefs, coastal community culture etc., in fact tourism is ranked as 3rd highest foreign income. On the other hand Indonesian government is also committed to promote the use of environmentally friendly new and renewable energy as an alternative to the fossil fuel which highly contribute to the air pollution. In conjunction with government’s program in developing the marine tourism and in using green energy, the research is aimed to design solar powered recreational boat for tourism in Indonesia. The paper is focused on the design of the boat structure such as the hull type, the environmental friendly material for the boat hull, the arrangement of the boat that would suitable to be powered with solar energy etc. For this purpose references are obtained from literature study, experts’ opinion, and previous experiments.

This paper analyzes the effect of port concession and the deregulation of logistics policy implementation on port customer satisfaction. This research uses 5 latent variables and 18 manifest / indicator variables which are described in the form of Likert scale questionnaires distributed to Port Customers in Indonesia which are freight forwarder, import-export companies and port operators. From SEM structural equations and model measurement results, it can be concluded that the effect of concession and deregulation logistics policy on the overall customer satisfaction is acceptable and data support the model. Port concession variable has positive path coefficient of 0.88 and t statistic of 5.86 > 1.96. Infrastructure and Superstructure Variable has positive path coefficient of 0.61 and t statistic of 3.66 > 1.96 deregulation logistics policy Variable has positive path coefficient of 0.24 with t statistic of 2.04 > 1.96. Integration System Technology Variable has positive path coefficient of 0.21 with t statistic of 2.39 > 1.96 so it can be concluded that the overall hypothesis can be accepted and data supports the model.

The changeover time is a factor that greatly affects the lean production implementation in industry with make to order system. Large product variations and unpredictable quantity of orders will trigger some kind of production wastes if changeover time is done in a longer time. One industry with make to order system is printing industry. In general, to produce several types of products such as books takes quite a long time because of long production changeover process. The general problem faced is the delay in book’s production completion. Based on this problem, changeover time reduction is needed to overcome the delay of book’s production completion using single minute exchanges of dies (SMED) method. The SMED method is the method that separates the changeover activity into two, i.e. internal setup and external setup. The research shows that changeover time for printing workstation is 18 minutes 29 seconds, which consists of internal setup activities 14 minutes 37 seconds and external setup 4 minutes 33 seconds. By converting 45% of the internal setup activity into an external setup, then the setup time can be reduced. The initial setup activities performed when machine is stop, now can be done when the machine is running. In addition, a changeover process improvement also done using 5S method in workstation tools area so the internal setup time is reduced 46% becomes 7 minutes 59 seconds. Under these conditions, the printing industry can increase production by 2%.

The bioremediation research of chlorpyrifos has been done to remove the concentration of chlorphyrifos using the natural bacterial Thiobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp.. The efficiency of chlorpyrifos removal was determined by the temperature and contact time. The research was done by adding 100 ppm of chlorpyrifos into the Stone Mineral Salt solution (SMSs) under controlled condition, then each bacterial are added as much as 10% (v/v) with pH 7. To obtain optimum efficiency, this study was conducted with temperature variation (°C) 25, 30, 35, 40 and contact time (hours) 12, 24, 36, 48. Based on Gas Chromatography Mass Spektrofotometer (GC-MS) analysis, the efficiency of removal at temperature (°C) 25, 30, 35, 40 are 43%, 68%, 71% and 52% respectively, while the removal efficiency at contact time (hours) 12, 24, 36, 48 are 43%, 49%, 74%, and 36%. The result showed that 74% removal efficiency by Thiobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. obtained at 35°C in 36 hours of contact time. Thus, the mixed culture of Thiobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. are able to synergize for removing the chlorpyrifos at 100 ppm.

Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago with more than 17,000 islands, and also the best marine tourism destination, there are many beautiful beaches and underwater spots throughout the country. Due to this potential condition Indonesian government is planning to improve its maritime tourism sector. To realize this boats play very important role both for transport as well as for recreational purposes. On the other hand the government is also committed to reduce the global warming from the use of fossil fuel especially in industry and transportation through the Presidential Regulation no. 61/2011, with the strategy for replacing the fossil fuel with renewable energy. To support the government’s program the research is aimed to design solar-powered electric recreation boat for tourism, with the consideration that there is almost non-stop sun shine available all year long in Indonesia. The boat has length of 12 meters. In this paper the focus is on the analysis of the propulsion system of the boat, which consists of the calculation the power needed to run the electric motor, the optimum propeller design, and the steering system.

Copper-indium-gallium diselenide (CuInGaSe2) or CIGS is one of the most promising materials for thin film solar cell applications. CIGS solar cells were deposited by sputtering method on ZnO/ZnS/CIGS/Mo arrays. Various parameters in sputtering greatly influence the efficiency of CIGS solar cells such as temperature. Thermal parameters are used to compare the effect of the CIGS layer on optimizing the efficiency of CIGS solar cells. The results show that the CIGS layer deposited using temperature has a crystalline structure, besides that the resulting efficiency is also higher than CIGS solar cells deposited without temperature, namely 0.177%.