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Purple sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam.) contain anthocyanin pigments which act as natural antioxidants which are very beneficial for health. The research aimed to identify the functional groups and types of anthocyanin pigments in purple sweet potato cv. Antin 2 and cv. Antin 3, using FTIR and identification of anthocyanin pigment types using LCMS/MS. The results of FTIR analysis show that the purple sweet potato cultivar Antin 2 has 12 spectrum peaks ranging from wavelengths of 570.48 cm-1 to 3 394.40 cm-1. Functional groups detected include benzene nuclei, hydrocarbons (dominating), carbonyls, carboxyl esters, aromatics, aldehydes, and alcohols. Meanwhile, the purple sweet potato cultivar Antin 3 has 15 spectrum peaks ranging from wavelengths of 417.88 cm-1 to 3 365.86 cm-1. The functional groups detected include core-benzene hydrocarbons, carboxyl esters, methyl, aromatics, carbonyls, carbonyl esters, aldehydes, aldehyde carbons, and hydroxyl carbons. The LCMS/MS identification results of purple sweet potato anthocyanin pigments of the Antin 2 cultivar detected 11 types, including Cyanidin 3-(6“-caffeoyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside and Cyanidin 3-(6“-feruloyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside. In the purple sweet potato cultivar Antin 3, 14 types of anthocyanins were found, including, Malvidin 3-5 diglicoside, Cyanidin 3-(6“-caffeoyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside, Cyanidin, and Cyanidin 3-(6“feruloyl sophoroside)-5-glucoside.

Mistletoe Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. is a parasitic plant commonly found parasitizing and infesting medicinal plants such as Cassia fistula L. This research aimed to investigate the infestation of D. pentandra on C. fistula on various trees canopy shading, infested host number, and plant diversity. The study was conducted in Purwodadi Botanic Garden which is located in Purwodadi, Pasuruan, East–Java, Indonesia from January to March 2020. Data collection was conducted by explorative and descriptive methods in each block location in the garden. Sampling plots were determined by the purposive sampling method using 20 × 20 m plot−1 in each block where the tree of C. fistula found. The canopy shading was categorized as: open (iv) = light interception > 90 %, rather open (iii) = light interception = 60 % to 90 %, rather shady (ii) = light interception 30 % to 60 %, shady (i) (light interception < 30 %). The result showed that the infestation of D. pentandra was affected significantly by the plant canopy shading and the infested host number in the blocks. The highest infestation of mistletoe D. Pentandra on C. fistula was found in the open canopy and the highest infested host plants in the block III.D with the parasite number 13 plant−1 . The tree plant diversity in the blocks tend to have negative correlation to the infestation of D. pentandra on C. fistula with r = −0.18.

Ecotone – an area where two environments of different composition and structure meet due to land conversion – is prone to habitat loss and biodiversity devaluation as a result of fragmentation. Responsive to change, birds represent one of the common animals of all habitat types since their diversity and abundance are able to reflect ecological tendencies in different biodiversity. This study was aimed to analyze the diversity, abundance, and evenness of birds as well as determine their density and frequency in the ecotone area of Sutan Syarif Hasyim Forest Park, Riau, Indonesia. Six sections of the study area (natural forest-and-shrubbery, natural forest-and-palm oil plantation, natural forest-and-lake, shrubbery-and-palm oil plantation, shrubbery-and-lake, and palm oil plantation-and-lake) were observed by employing Line Intercept Transect. 1 182 individuals of 59 bird species were reported, with Pycnonotusaurigaster (Vieillot, 1818) as the dominant one. The total diversity index of 3.75, abundance 8.2 and evenness 0.92 were evident to high density and frequency of birds in the area.

The low mountain forest area is known as a source of biodiversity because it has an area with natural ecosystems that are relatively still intact and has rich biodiversity and a high level of endemism. The study was conducted to determine the biodiversity found in the mountain forests under Kamojang. The methods used are qualitative and quantitative data collection, vegetation data collection using plot paths, fauna data with exploration (renaissance survey), edaphic and climatic data by purposive sampling. Research shows as many as 10 species of vegetation at pole and tree level, 15 species of seedlings and understorey, and 10 species of sapling level. Lower mountain forest shows as many as 18 species of animals with a composition of 14 species of aves, two species of mammals, two species of reptiles. The land in the Kamojang lower mountain forest includes andosols with three horizons namely O, A, and B which tend to be fertile. Temperatures in the lower mountain forests range from 18.5 °C to 21 °C with 93 % relative humidity.