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Apical root resorption is a frequent phenomenon observed in pre-surgical orthodontic; the reason is double: we deal with adult patients and we often move the teeth in the opposite direction compared to the position obtained in previous inefficacious orthodontic treatments. Notwithstanding the amount of apical root resorption we couldn't record an hyper-mobility of the teeth and a long term evaluation of occlusal stability didn't show any significant change.

The Authors presented the clinical report of an apical scar because of the rareness of the case and because of the interesting differential diagnosis: this lesion has a cystic radiological aspect and must be differentiated from the real odontogenic cysts of the jaws; the apical scar does not belong to the cystic pathology and represents just a defect of the healing process: no treatment is requested as the apical scar mustn't be considered a pathology.

The apical granuloma, the periapical abcess and the radicular cyst are the most frequent between the inflammatory odontogenic lesions of the jaws. These three lesions are caused by the necrosis of the pulp but are very different between each other from an histological point of view and they can correspond to different stages of the same pathological process considering the fact that from a granuloma can arise a periapical abcess or a radicular cyst and from a radicular cyst and abcess can originate. About these three pathological processes we discuss in this article the clinical, radiographical, ethiological, microscopical features, we suggest the treatment and the differential diagnosis.

The Authors conclude the chapter about the central intraosseous developmental odontogenic cysts. Some of them are very rare, others are very similar histogenetically with other more frequent cystic lesions of the jaws. Notwithstanding the radiographic and macroscopic aspect apparently similar, these lesions are very different between each other in their biological activity. The classification, suggested by Hoffman, Jacoway and Krolls lists these lesions from the least to the most aggressive. We have here considered the multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, also known as Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, associated to one or more keratinized maxillary cysts, the calcifying odontogenic cyst, the more frequent and well known dentigerous cyst, the lateral periodontal cyst with its uncertain etiology and the harmless eruption cyst.

Discussing the central intraosseous developmental odontogenic cysts of the jaws the Authors have followed the classification suggested by Hoffman et Al. that lists the lesions according to their biological activity. After a short foreword about the most important stages of the embryological dental development, grouped in six phases, the Authors referred to the principal concepts emerging from the literature about the most aggressive developmental odontogenic cysts of the jaws: the primordial cyst and the odontogenic keratocyst of which they have outlined a definition, and referred to the clinical, radiological, ethiological and microscopical data, the treatment and the differential diagnosis.

The close examination of the central osseous and/or parosteal lesions of the jaws must be reconducted to the study of the main fundamental embryonal processes that take place in the primordial stomodeus. Some pathological lesions can arise from the rests that survive after the disgregation of various odontogenic epithelial structures destined to disappear with growth: the epithelial root sheath, the dental lamina and the external epithelium of the enamel organ. Some osseous lesions can also originate from the nonodontogenic epithelial rests: this tissue comes from the uncompleted obliteration of the ectodermic layer during the processes of union and fusion of the various embryonal components of the maxillary structures.