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Dual-purpose cereals culturally provide the opportunity to graze a crop during the vegetative phase, and still harvest grain yield at the end of the growing season. It can also help to face climatic changes like frost or dry conditions risk. The aim of the study was to determine the benefits of a dual-purpose barley culture in relation to livestock feed, human nutrition, risk mitigation, and whether a malting variety can also be used for dual-purpose use. A field experiment was carried out in the farm of Nubaria Agricultural Research Station, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt, using five barley varieties during the two successive growing seasons of 2019/2020 - 2020/2021 for dual purpose utilization. No significant differences between the two seasons. The cutting treatment revealed significant or highly significant differences on all studied traits except number of tillers.m-2 and number of spikes.m-2. Green forage weight was highly significantly affected. Concerning normal cultivation, the differences among the five barley cultivars were highly significant for all studied traits except number of spikes m-2. Significant or highly significant differences were found among studied traits concerning cultivars and cutting treatment interaction. Normal cultivation conditions also exhibited that Giza 132 gave the highest grain yield followed by Giza133 and Giza 126. While Giza 2000 gave the heaviest green forage weight followed by Giza 133 and Giza 126 under dual purpose utilization. Moreover, under dual purpose utilization, Giza 126 and Giza 2000 were the best barley cultivars for both green forage and grain yield production. The existing improved dual barley variety conserve the purpose in specified environment as alternative for the green forage demand without sacrificing the grain yield in the rainfed, arid, and semi-arid regions of Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried out at Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, El-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt, during the three growing seasons of 2019/20, 2020/21, and 2021/22 to determine the genetic variance components and type of gene action controlling yield and its components by using the means of the six populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2) of the four barley crosses. The base generation of the four crosses was sown under normal (1636.06 m3 fed-1) and water stress conditions (601.06 m3 fed-1). Mean effects (m) varied for all attributes in all crosses and were highly significant. Additionally, under both scenarios, the relative significance of additive-dominance effects changed with characters and crosses. Results generally showed that non-allelic interactions existed in all crosses for all the examined characteristics. In most of the examined traits, dominance was stronger than additive and additive dominance among the epistatic components, showing that these traits were significantly influenced by dominance and associated non-allelic interactions. For the majority of the examined qualities under both circumstances, positive heterotic effects compared to the mid parent and better parent were discovered. For the majority of the studied traits, the highest predicted genetic advance values were paired with high and moderate narrow-sense heritability values in all crosses. These findings suggested that early generations could be used for selection to obtain high-yielding genotypes under either normal or stressful conditions. Finally, the most promising crosses were the two crosses 2 and 3 under water stress conditions (601.06 m3fed-1), which had high genetic advances associated with high heritability and would be of interest in breeding programs for improving the most studied traits in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought tolerance is a main trait for growing and stabilizing barley productivity in dry areas globally. The current study was conducted to evaluate the morphological and yield-related traits of the barley cultivar "Giza134" in response to drought stress. To determine the impact of drought and stress, the experiment was conducted in the growth chamber and in rainfed conditions. In the growth chamber, seedlings were irrigated, watered (normally), and subjected to 30% PEG-600 (polyethylene glycol 600) as a drought stress condition. Furthermore, barley plants were evaluated during two consecutive seasons, 2021 and 2022, at Nubaria (normal condition), in addition to two different rainfed locations on the northwest coast of Egypt, West Barrani and East Matrouh. Most morphological and yield component traits declined significantly, including plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of grains per spike, biological yield (BY; ton/fed-1), and grain yield (GY; Ardab Fed-1). Grain yield losses were over 85% in West Barrani and East Matrouh, respectively, compared with Nubaria. To understand the mechanisms of drought tolerance at the molecular level, the gene expression of drought-responsive genes, including HvAPX1 encodes peroxidase, HvFNR encodes ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, HvDHN1 encodes dehydrin, HvSAM encodes Sadenosyl-L-methionine methyltransferases, HvEDE encodes ER degradation enhancer, and HVABH encodes alpha/beta-hydrolases, were measured in leaf tissues of "Giza 134." The relative expression levels of HvAPX1, HvFNR, and HvDHN1 were significantly (p 0.01) upregulated, with over 8-fold for HvDHN1. while HvSAM, HvEDE and HVABH genes are downregulated in response to drought stress. These findings might provide new insights into the mechanisms of drought tolerance in barley and facilitate future breeding programs for resilient barley crops in a changing global climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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