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Background: Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is a standard procedure for the treatment of chronic sinusitis. This surgery is usually conducted under general anesthesia and it is better to be performed under controlled hypotensive technique to improve surgical field and to decrease the operation time. Routine analgesic treatment is usually based on non-opioid analgesics with rescue opioids. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare opioid free versus opioid based general anesthesia in functional endoscopic sinus surgeries regarding hypotension, surgical field, operation time and postoperative pain. Patients and methods: Patients were divided into 2 equal groups: Group 1: Opioid free group: (Group OFA) 22 participants, Group 2: Opioid based group: (Group OBA) 22 participants. All participants were subjected to medical history taking, complete clinical examination and premedication and routine laboratory investigations. Results: There was no statistical significant difference between the studied groups regarding the mean arterial pressure, oxygen saturation and need for analgesia. Duration of stay in post anesthesia care unit was significantly shorter in OFA group than OBA group. OBA Group was significantly associated with higher VAS score at 6-, 10- and 12-hours postoperatively. Conclusion: OFA provided satisfactory intraoperative analgesia and control of surgery-induced pressor reflexes. Also, the perioperative safety and efficacy of the opioid-free anesthesia techniques provided for functional endoscopic sinus surgeries had good postoperative analgesia and other postrecovery criteria. There is a need for wider-scale comparative studies with large number of patients with long period in multi-center studies to confirm our finding.

A new simple, cheap, and rapid method to increase the sensitivity of pencil graphite electrode (PGE) to determine Linagliptin (LNG) was developed by modified PGE with copper microparticles (Cu-PGE). The disposable modified sensor electrode's preparation depended on the electrodeposition of Cu-microparticles on the PGE that can be applied for determined LNG by complexed it with Cu+2 ions and measure the LNG-Cu complex onto the Cu-PGE improved. The preparation of this modified electrode is easy, simple, and cheap, and has high sensitivity. The modified electrode detected the LNG in the LNG-Cu complex range from 47.25 - 283.53 ng mL-1 with detection and quantitative limits of 6.0 and 20.0 ng mL-1, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The proposed method was applied with success to determined LNG in the dosage form, spiked urine, and spiked plasma samples; additionally, the obtained modified electrode was put in comparison with the reported electrodes.

TLC-spectrodensitometric method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of policresulen (POL) and cinchocaine hydrochloride (CIN). The method is being separated on TLC aluminum plates coated with silica gel 60 F254, using chloroform:methanol:ammonia (9.5:0.6:1.0, v/v/v) as a mobile phase and Dragendorff reagent as spot detection at 490 nm. The linearity ranges of method were 0.8-20 and 0.2-3.5 µg band-1, for POL and CIN, respectively. The mean percentage recoveries were 100.46±1.1 and 99.65±0.49for POL and CIN, respectively. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and utilized for simultaneous determination of the cited drugs in their analytical mixtures and pharmaceutical preparations. Limits of detection were 0.23 and 0.07 µg band-1 for POL and CIN, respectively. The obtained results were statistically compared with that of the official and reported methods. Comparisons were starting to show that there is no significant difference regarding both accuracy and precision. The method was found to be precise, rapid, specific, and accurate. Thus the method can be applied for the routine analysis of POL and CIN in their pharmaceutical formulations without prior separation.

The main objective of this study was to determine an appropriate water management consideration of bubbler irrigation system for palm trees "age four years" (Phoenix dactylifera) under El-Wady El-Geded Governorate. Therefore, the three bubbler nozzles were comparing with Conventional irrigation system Basin irrigation system in two successive growing seasons(2013-2014) and (2014-2015). Results revealed that water saving of about observed under bubbler irrigation systems comparing with basin irrigation system.

An accurate and sensitive visible spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the analysis of five antifungal drugs namely; clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole nitrate and tolnaftate in pure as well as in their pharmaceutical dosage forms. This method was based on condensation of any of the cited drug with saturated solution of citric acid in anhydrous acetic anhydride in boiling water bath for about 20–30 min. The produced color was measured spectrophotometrically at 535 nm, after dilution with absolute ethanol. All variables affecting reaction conditions were optimized and the regression analysis of Beer’s plots showed good correlation coefficients (0.9996 - 0.9999) for the previously mentioned drugs in a general concentration range of 0.8–7 μg ml-1 with overall limits of detection and quantitation in the following ranges: 0.039–0.26 μg ml-1 and 0.13–0.87 μg ml-1, respectively. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the analysis of bulk drugs and their dosage forms such as topical powder and solution, oral and vaginal tablets, and topical creams. Overall percentage recoveries in the average range: 94.14–99.02% was obtained with considerable accuracy upon analysis of these dosage forms by the proposed method. No interference could be detected from betamethasone or dexamethosane, encountered excipients and additives. The obtained results have been compared with those obtained from reported and / or official method(s) and proper F- and t- values were observed; indicate no significance difference between the results of the proposed and reported methods. The good percentage recoveries and proper statistical data proved the efficiency of the proposed method for the analysis of the cited drugs in their commercial dosage forms with quite satisfactory precision.